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Summary Toxicology SDL Notes
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Principles of ToxicologyDefinitions
The study of harmful properties, actions and effects of chemicals on
Toxicology
biological systems.
Poison of plant or animal origin, especially one produced by or derived from
Toxin
microorganisms and acting as an antigen in the body.
Toxicant Any toxic substance, usually man made or a product of man-made activities
Substance that is capable of causing the illness or death of a living organism
Poison when introduced or absorbed (can be a substance that reduces the activity of
a catalyst)
A poisonous substance/secretion containing one or more toxins secreted by
Venom
an animal, usually injected into prey or aggressor by biting or stinging
Degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substance
Toxicity
can damage an organism.
A chemical substance within an organism that is not naturally expected or
Xenobiotic
foreign
Toxicosis A pathological condition caused by the action of a poison or toxin.
“No observable
The highest dose or exposure level of a substance or material that produces
effect level”
no noticeable (observable) toxic effect on tested animals
N.O.E.L
Adverse toxic effects to the developing embryo or foetus. Toxicant exposure
Developmental
to either parent before conception or to the mother and the developing
toxicology
embryo-foetus.
Ways by which toxicants may produce Toxicosis
Toxicity can result from adverse cellular, biochemical or macromolecular changes.
o Cell replacement, such as fibrosis
o Damage to an enzyme system
o Disruption of protein synthesis
o Production of reactive chemicals in cells.
o DNA damage.
Could cause effects in a specific organ, or generalised effects in multiple tissues. The route of
exposure and concentration and properties of the toxin effect the response.
Toxic Accumulation- When does a chemical become “toxic”?
A xenobiotic (foreign) compound, e.g. Polychlorinated biphenyl
(PCB), enters the body. The chemical becomes toxic when the
rate of absorption of this chemical exceeds the elimination rate
(through excretion or metabolism).
Xenobiotic (foreign) compound can also enter an ecosystem.
The xenobiotic compound become toxic when the accumulation
of this chemical exceeds the breakdown or removal of it from
the ecosystem. An example of an ecosystem toxicant is mercury.
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