BIOS 252 Week 8 Final Exam Latest/Updated: 100% 2022
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Course
BIOLOGY 2301 (BIOLOGY2301)
Institution
San Jacinto College
BIOS 252 Week 8 Final Exam Latest/Updated: 100% 2022
Anatomy & physiology 1
Anatomical terminology and general principles of physiology
1. What are the planes of section that divide body into: left and right; front and back; up and down?
2. What do the following pairs of positional terms mea...
Anatomical terminology and general principles of physiology
1. What are the planes of section that divide body into: left and right; front and back; up and down?
• Sagittal- left and right
• Frontal- front and back
• Transverse- up and down
2. What do the following pairs of positional terms mean: proximal and distal, medial and lateral,
dorsal and ventral, superior and inferior, contralateral and ipsilateral, superficial and deep?
• Proximal and distal- closer/further away from the trunk (for limbs only)
• Medial and lateral- towards/away the middle line
• Dorsal and ventral- towards the backside/belly
• Superior and inferior- higher/lower
• Contralateral and ipsilateral- opposite/same side
• Superficial and deep- in relation to the surface of the body
3. Explain the terms that describe locations/parts of the body: cervical, cranial, brachial,
antebrachial, femoral, cutaneous/subcutaneous, sacral, gluteal, thoracic, dorsal
• Cervical- neck
• Cranial- skull
• Brachial- arm
• Antebrachial- forearm
• Femoral- thigh
• Cutaneous/ subcutaneous-
• Sacral- lower back
• Gluteal- buttock
• Thoracic- chest
• Dorsal- back
4. What are the properties of the “anatomical position”?
• Body is standing erect
• Facing the observer
• Head level, eyes forward
• Feet flat on floor, directed inward
• Arms at sides, palms turned forward
5. Describe negative feedback loop components and explain what it does.
• Main regulatory mechanism in the body
• Reverse the change to its set point
• Example: body temperature, BP, water content, body weight, etc.
6. Define homeostasis.
Maintenance of stable conditions within the body.
7. List common medical imaging techniques and briefly describe how each one works.
• Visual- external and internal
• X-ray-
• CT-scan- uses x-ray and computer to generate 3D images
• MRI- uses magnetic field, best for soft tissue, to study physiology such as brain activity
• Radionuclide scanning- inject radioisotopes for cancer
, • Ultrasound- soundwaves, not harmful, low resolution
Chemistry, biochemistry and cell biology
8. Explain why the formation of a chemical bond (giving away an electron, picking up an electron or
sharing electrons) makes an atom more stable.
Most atoms have a relatively high potential energy which are less stable when by themselves
than when they are bonded with other atoms.
9. What chemical characteristics do acids and bases have (what does each release in solution)?
Acids
• Release a H ion into aqueous solutions
• Neutralize bases in a neutralization reaction
• Corrode active metals
• Turn blue litmus to red
• Taste really sour
• Conduct electricity very well
• Can dissolve complex HCo
Bases
• Release a hydroxide ion into water solution
• Neutralize acids in a neutralization reaction
• Turns red litmus to blue
• Conduct electricity very well
• Taste bitter
• Dissolve fats and fatty substances
• Can’t dissolve metals
10. What is produced during hydrolysis of a: fat (triglyceride), protein, starch?
Fat (triglyceride)
• can be hydrolyzed to produce glycerol and 3 fatty acids in the presence of acid and heat
or with a suitable lipase enzyme under biological conditions.
Protein
• hydrolyzed to amino acids in the stomach and gut with enzymes called…proteases.
Proteins are made of amino acids. So, when the proteins are hydrolyzed, amino acids are
produced.
Starch
• molecules undergo hydrolysis, it forms either monosaccharides, disaccharides or
trisaccharide. The end products depend on the strength of enzymes used and the
common enzymes
11. List the types of monomers that are used to make: proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides
Proteins
• Amino acids
Nucleic acids
• Nucleotides
12. What are the names of bonds between monomers in the above polymers?
Hydrogen bonds
13. Define “hydrophobic” and “hydrophilic” chemicals and give an example of each.
, Hydrophobic “water-hating”- non-polar substances that are not water soluble
• oil
Hydrophilic “water-loving”- polar substances that dissolve easily in water
• sugar
14. What are “hypertonic”, “isotonic” and “hypotonic” solutions? Which one do human cells prefer to
be in and why? What is osmosis? What is “crenation”?
Human cells prefer isotonic
Hypertonic
• High osmotic pressure than the fluid around it
• Cell shrinks
Isotonic
• Same osmotic pressure inside as the fluid around it
• Cell stays the same
Hypotonic
• Low osmotic pressure than the fluid around it
• Cell swells
Osmosis
• Process where solvents tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less
concentrated solution into a more concentrated one
Crenation
• Describe what happens to a cell or other object when it is exposed to a hypertonic
solution
15. What are the names of nucleotide DNA is made from? Which nucleotide pairs with which?
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine
Adenine thymine
Cytosine guanine
16. What are the structures and functions of the following cellular organelles: nucleus, mitochondria,
lysosomes, centrosome, Golgi complex, ribosomes, cilia and flagella?
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
• digestion and waste removal are the lysosome. Lysosomes are organelles that contain
digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and
engulfed viruses or bacteria. Lysosomes are like the stomach of the cell
Centrosomes
• The main purpose of a centrosome is to organize microtubules and provide structure
for the cell, as well as work to pull chromatids apart during cell division
Golgi complex
Ribosomes
• are a cell structure that makes protein. Protein is needed for many cell functions such
as repairing damage or directing chemical processes
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