BIS 2C “Biodiversity and The Tree of Life” Midterm 2 Study Guide: Plantae Lineage
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BIS 2C
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BIS 2C
BIS 2C “Biodiversity and The Tree of Life” Midterm 2 Study Guide:
Plantae Lineage
The Non-vascular plants-Bryophytes/Embryophytes:
1. Early non-vascular plants including Charates and Coleochaete (outgroup-streptophytes) had phragmoplast, branched filaments, apical growth (meristems), and...
• ectomycorrhizal symbiosis has evolved multiple times
• form a non monophyletic group
3 5 of pant species
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BIS 2C “Biodiversity and The Tree of Life” Midterm 2 Study Guide:
Plantae Lineage
The Non-vascular plants-Bryophytes/Embryophytes:
1. Early non-vascular plants including Charates and Coleochaete (outgroup-streptophytes) had
phragmoplast, branched filaments, apical growth (meristems), and oogamy.
2. Bryophyte: A small flowerless green plant of the division Bryophyta, which compromises the
Mosses (Polytrichum), Hornwort (Anthoceros), and Liverworts.
• Traditional name used to refer to all embryophytes (land plants) that do not have true
vascular tissue
• Not a clade; life characterized by a prominent, independent gametophyte
• Gametophyte-haploid dominant (independent/free-living); sporophyte-diploid and
dependent (formed on gametophyte)
• All bryophytes have rhizoids
3. Streptophytes:
• Zygote surrounded by haploid cells
• Characteristics before lineage: Phragmoplast, plasmodesmata, apical growth
(meristems), branched filaments, oogamy: egg and sperm
4. The haplontic life cycle:
• The mature organism is haploid
• The zygote is only in the diploid stage
• Example: Fungus-Rhizopus Oligosporus
5. The diplontic life cycle:
• Mature organism is diploid
• The gametes are the only haploid stage
• Example: African fish eagle-Haliaeetus vocifer
6. Alternation of generations:
• The organism passes through haploid and diploid stages that are both multicellular.
,7. All land plants share the following features:
• Photosynthetic (Chlorophyll A and B)
• Store starch in chloroplasts
• Multicellular with alternation of generations
• Retain egg on parent plant
• Retain fertilized zygote (embryo) on parent plant through early development
(embryophytes)
• Examples of embryophytes: hornworts, liverworts, mosses, ferns, lycophytes,
gymnosperms and flowering plants.
, • Land plants aka embryophytes have an alternation of generations
• The evolution of embryophytes was integrally related to the transition of land.
• Evolution of new features including:
-Cutide (and associated pores, stomata)
-Protected reproductive structures (gametangia, sporangia)
-Embryos
-Protective spore walls (sporopollenin)
-Mutualisms with fungi (mycorrhizae)
8. Life on land advantages:
• Better sunlight
• More carbon dioxide
• Exploring a new niche
9. Life on land disadvantages:
• Drying out
• Support
• UV and photo damage
• Transport
• Gamete dispersal
10. Mitosis results in a diploid organism.
11. Meiosis results in a haploid organism (spores are haploid)
12. Vegetative Synapomorphies for Embryophytes:
• Stomata
• Persistently green sporophyte
• Tracheids (vascular cells); branching independent sporophyte; rooting structures
• Megaphylls; overtopping growth form
• Seeds
• Flowers; double fertilization
13. Reproductive Synapomorphies for Embryophytes:
• Alternation of generations: origin of sporophyte
• Antheridia and archegonia
• Sporangia
• Air-dispersed spores
14. Liverworts:
• Rhizoids-“root-like” cells
• Epidermis with cuticle (thin-walled cells)
• Umbrellas make gametes
• Leafy, thalloid, banana-shaped, suction cups (gemmee cups)
• Offspring identical to mom
• Vegetative/asexual reproduction
• Rain causes release of sperm
15. Delay of meiosis in land plants (moss) lead to embryophytes
16. Sporophyte: spore plant
17. Sporangium: spore container
18. Gametophyte: gamete plant
19. Gametangia: gamete containers
Vascular Plants:
1. Early clades of vascular plants:
• Rhyniophytes
• Lycophytes (club mosses, etc.)
• Pteridophytes (Ferns and relatives)
2. Vascular plant Synapomorphies:
• Sporophyte dominant life cycle
-Example: Fern life cycle
3. Hornwort:
• Persistent green sporophyte
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