BIOL 102 EXAM 4 STUDY GUIDE FALL 2017
Nervous System
1. What are the two parts of the nervous system?
Central NS & Peripheral NS
2. What composes the central nervous system (CNS)?
Brain and spinal chord
3. What composes the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Nerves outside CNS
4. The CNS receive input from what?
Spinal chord!
5. What makes up the motor output of the PNS?
Somatic and autonomic division
6. What is the role of the parasympathetic and sympathetic system?
sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, and defecation.
7. The autonomic and somatic division make up what part of the nervous system?
stimulate the body's fight-or-flight response. It is, however, constantly active at a
basic level to maintain homeostasis
8. What is a resting potential?
Measurable difference in voltage across the cell membrane in a resting cell.
9. What is a graded p0tenntial?
Alter the resting potential. Depolarize or hyperpolarize the membrane.
10. What is summation?
Initiates and action potential.
11. What is a threshold potential?
the critical level to which a membrane potential must be depolarized to initiate
an action potential. Threshold potentials are necessary to regulate and
propagate signaling in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral
nervous system (PNS).
12. What is meant by all or nothing?
Individual neuron threshold sets extent of stimulus needed, if threshold is
achieved, it triggered, once triggered, an action potential is always the same in
speed and voltage. The action potential is either on or off. -55
13. What causes a nerve to depolarize?
When a nerve impulse stimulates ion channels to open, positive ions flow into
the cell and cause depolarization, which leads to muscle cell contraction.
14. What causes a nerve to repolarize?
results from the movement of positively charged K + ions out of the cell.
15. What protein reestablishes the resting potential?
Potassium.
16. What causes a hyperpolarization?
The repolarization stages.
, 17. Know how an action potential is formed.
Sudden reversal of membrane voltage.
18. Know how a salutatory conduction works.
Leaping pattern of action potential conduction
19. What is the name of the gaps in myelinated nerves?
Nodes of Ranvier
20. What two cells form myelin and which one is found in CNS and in the PNS?
Schwann cells =PNS
Oligodendrocytes=CNS
21. Have a basic understanding of the refectory period.
a period immediately following stimulation during which a nerve or muscle
is unresponsive to further stimulation.
22. Know the steps leading to the release of a neurotransmitter.
Calcium enters the axon terminal during an action potential,
causing release of the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
23. What is a presynaptic nerve and what is a postsynaptic nerve?
Anatomically, the presynaptic neuron is the neuron before the synapse,
this neuron is delivering the "message" across the synapse to
the postsynaptic neuron. The postsynaptic neuron is the "receiver" of
the neurotransmitter "message".
24. Know convergence and divergence.
C = when one neuron receives input from many others
D = occurs when one neuron sends action potentials to multiple other neurons.
25. What does the somatic division control?
Skeletal muscles
26. Explain how a spinal reflex works.
Sensory neurons carry the signal to the spinal cord. Interneurons (gray) stimulate
specific motor neurons on both sides of the body and send signals to the brain.
27. What are the ventricles of the brain and what is their role?
2 lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles. Circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
28. What are the meninges?
The meninges are three layers of protective tissue called the dura mater,
arachnoid mater, and pia mater that surround the neuraxis.
29. What is cerebrospinal fluid?
clear watery fluid that fills the space between the arachnoid membrane
and the pia mater.
30.Know the following and their basic functions: forebrain, cerebrum, corpus
callosum, thalamus, midbrain, hindbrain, pons, cerebellum, medulla
oblongata.
31.Know the location and function of the primary somatosensory and motor
areas of the cerebral cortex.
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