Rasmussen College: NUR 2063 Final Exam Study Guide_ LATEST UPDATED,100% CORRECT
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NUR 2063
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NUR 2063
Rasmussen College: NUR 2063 Final Exam Study Guide_ LATEST UPDATED
Module 1:
STRESS – WHAT IS IT?, PURPOSE OF, WHAT DETERMINES RESPONSE?
WHAT IS IT? – physical, chemical or emotional factor that results in tension of body or mind, real or perceived threat to homeostasis, can be positive or n...
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Rasmussen College: NUR 2063 Final
Exam Study Guide_ LATEST UPDATED
Module 1:
STRESS – WHAT IS IT?, PURPOSE OF, WHAT DETERMINES RESPONSE?
WHAT IS IT? – physical, chemical or emotional factor that results in tension of body or mind,
real or perceived threat to homeostasis, can be positive or negative
PURPOSE –
WHAT DETERMINES RESPONSE –
SELYE GAP SYNDROME STAGES, BODY’S RESPONSES TO
STAGES – ALARM, RESISTANCE, EXHAUSTION:
ALARM – the stressor upsets homeostasis or cellular balance; releases epi and norepi, and
cortisol; Body has decreased resistance to stressors
RESISTANCE – Body fights back by adjusting to the stress; body trying to return to
homeostasis; Glucose, free fatty acids and amino acids elevated for energy, growth and repair
EXHAUSTION – Rest permits enhanced adaptation; No rest = overtraining, injury, lack of
adaptation; point where body can no longer reach homeostasis; Allostatic overload – “cost” of
body’s organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response
STRESS IN CHILDREN:
PHYSIOLOGICAL – Immune system, stunt in growth, high blood pressure
MEDIATORS OF STRESS, E.G. NOREPINEPHRINE,
EPINEPHRINE, CORTISOL – WHAT DO THEY DO?
Norepinephrine (Catecholamines) – released during alarm stage; constricts blood vessels and
raises blood pressure; reduces gastric secretions and increases night and far vision
Epinephrine (Catecholamines) – released during the alarm stage; enhances myocardial
contractibility, increases heart rate, and increases cardiac output; causes bronchodilation;
increases the release of glucose from the liver(glycogenolysis) and elevates blood glucose levels
Cortisol (Glucocorticoid) – released during alarm stage; primary glucocorticoid; may be
synergistic or antagonistic to catecholamines; suppresses the immune system, decreases
serotonin, increases blood sugar, increases blood pressure, decreases sensitivity to pain, and
heightens memory and attention
,ALDOSTERONE (mineralocorticoid)– essential for sodium conservation in the kidneys, salivary
glands, sweat glands, and colon
LONG TERM GLUCOCORTICOID EFFECTS ON BODY:
osteoporosis, inability to fight infection (comp host), can weaken muscle/atrophy of skeletal
muscle
ENDORPHINS AND ENKEPHALINS:
ENDORPHINS- are an endogenous opioid peptide derived from cells in the
hypothalamus, have analgesic properties
ENKEPHALINS – One of two types of pain-suppressing pentapeptides; they
are produced in the body and are located in the pituitary gland, brain, and GI
tract
Module 2
PHAGOCYTOSIS:
WHAT IS IT? – When leukocytes attack the bad cells and “eat” them
STEPS IN CARCINOGENESIS, INITIATION, PROMOTION,
PROGRESSION:
INITIATION – Initiating events in chromosomes (such as aberrations) or in DNA; initiators are
radiation, chemical carcinogens, UV etc.
PROMOTION – low doses of tumor initiators are necessary to convert the initiated cells to
cancer cells; EX: TPA, phorbol esters, estrogen and excessive fat
PROGRESSION – Increased genetic instability resulting in aggressive growth phenotype
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BENIGN VS MALIGNANT
TUMORS:
, BENIGN – Does not immediately kill host, does not invade or spread to distant sites, causes less
damage to host tissue, many are encapsulated, closely resembles original tissue, grows more
slowly, little vascularity
MALIGNANT – can kill host if left untreated, invades local tissue and overruns neighboring
cells, can migrate to distant areas (metastasis), does not closely resemble tissue of origin
(anaplasia), greater degree of anaplasia indicates aggressive malignancy, grows rapidly, may
initiate tumor vessel growth, frequently necrotic, dysfunctional
WHAT ARE SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION?
Redness, swelling(edema), heat, pain, and loss of function
CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION?
Infection, build-up of pressure, and injury
WHAT CAUSES EDEMA?
Staying in one position too long, crushing injury, and fluid that is trapped in the body.
WHAT DO TREATMENTS DO TO REDUCE INFLAMMATION, E.G.
GLUCOCORTICOIDS, ICE:
Ice soothes inflammation by reducing blood in the area and stops spasms causing pain, while
glucocorticoids reduce the activity of the immune system and cause the inflammatory cells to not
come to the site of inflammation.
ACTIVE VS. PASSIVE IMMUNITY:
Active: results from the production of antibodies in response to the presence of an antigen.
EX. Allergic reaction
Passive: Introduction of antibodies from another person or animal.
EX. The placenta
LYMPH NODE LOCATIONS:
Axillary regions, inguinal/groin, and neck.
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