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Summary Overview of Prokaryotic cells and virus structure
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a brief overview of Prokaryotic cells and virus structure
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Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have DNA,ribosomes, cytoplasm, and plasma membranes
Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells,
have smaller ribosomes (70s), and lack membrane
bound organelles.
Their structure is simpler, which makes it easier for
them to reproduce quickly. Their DNA is only one
chromosome in a loop in the nucleoid region.
Some prokaryotes have flagellum which are tail
like structures for movement. Plasmids are small
rings of DNA which carry extra genes, for instance
a drug resistance gene, and can be swapped
between prokaryotes. Some also have capsules, a
slime layer which hides the cell from the immune system and protects it in difficult (e.g. dry)
condition. They have no histones which are proteins which DNA is wrapped around to fit the DNA
into the nucleus. Instead of mitochondria prokaryotes have mesosomes which are folds in the cell
membrane that provide a large surface area for enzyme attachment. They cannot be part of a
multicellular organism.The cell wall of bacteria is made of a meshwork of the protein murein.
Viruses are acellular and non-living. They cannot
reproduce without another species.
The virus binds to a receptor on a cell membrane and
its membrane fuses to the host’s. This releases the
genetic material into the host (In retroviruses, such as
HIV it is RNA, but in others can be DNA). The enzyme
reverse transcriptase copies the RNA into DNA and
degrades the RNA. The DNA enters the nucleus
through nuclear pores and is integrated with the
DNA there. It can be used to make viral genome RNA
and mRNA which is the genetic material to make a
new virus. In the cytoplasm, structural proteins are
made and form the material for the new virus which
forms by budding from the cell membrane.
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