Class notes PHARMACOLOGY Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, ISBN: 9789352704996
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Course
PHARMACOLOGY
Institution
Bachelor Of Pharmacy
Book
Essentials of Medical Pharmacology
This documents covers pharmacological actions of alcohol, acute effects of alcohol consumption, pharmacokinetics and excretion of the alcohol.
Refer it and review.
, Manufacturing
• Fermentation – Sugar to Alcohol and Carbon
dioxide
– C6H12O6→ 2(CH3-CH2-OH) + 2CO2
– (Yeasts +sugar + water = CO2 + ethanol)
– Yeasts are living micro-organisms which die in
concentrations of alcohol greater than 10 to 15%
– Starch –Convertase Maltose
• Commercially - obtained from Mollases
, Alcoholic Beverages
Malted Liquors: Fermentation of germinating cereals (malts) –
Beers (3-6%)
Wines: fermentation of Natural Sugars – grapes, apples and
other fruits
No distillation, <15%
Fortified (port) – up to 22%
Champagne – 12-16% (effervescent wine)
Spirits – Rum, Whisky, Brandy and Gin
40 - 55% v/v
Standard 42.8% v/v or 37% w/w
Sources:
Whiskey - distilled grain
Rum - distilled molasses
Gin – any sugar source
Brandy – Distilled wine (Grapes)
Vodka – fermentation of any of grain, rye, wheat,
potatoes, grapes, sugar beet or mollases
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