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Intel processors
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NAME: FAISAL HAROONCLASS: BSSE (FIRST YEAR)
ROLL NO: 14
COURSE: COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND
ORGANIZATION
FINAL ASSIGNMENT
DESCRIPTION OF PROCESSORS
INTEL 4004:
INTEL 4004 was the first commercially available microprocessor. It was released by Intel Corporation in
1971. Intel 4004 was a part of the MCS-4 family of chips. The 4004 was basically a 4-bit CPU, designed
for use in the BUSICOM 141-PF printing calculator.
The Intel 4004 was a part of MCS-4 chipset, which included the following chips:
4001 - 256-bit mask ROM and 4-bit I/O device,
4002 - 320-bit RAM and 4-bit I/O device,
4003 - 10-bit shift register,
4008 and 4009 - standard memory and I/O interface set.
Although the Intel 4004 was a perfect fit for calculators and similar applications it was not very suitable
for microcomputer use due to its somewhat limited architecture.
, MANUFACTURING:
The manufacture of the microchip made possible using the METAL OXIDE SEMI-CONDUCTOR (MOS)
SILICON GATE TECHNOLOGY. This technique or method made it possible to design such microchip which
are smaller in size and having more efficiency than the previous microchips. The microprocessor had a
limited architecture, such as: only a 3-levels deep stack, a complex memory access scheme, and no
interrupt support. In 1974 Intel released an enhanced version of the chip called the 4040.
Clocks:
Intel 4004 had a clock speed of 740 kHz and could process up to 92,600 instructions per second. It had
12-bit addresses and a 4-bit address bus. The Intel 4004 had a separate memory for both data and
program. The chip was capable of accessing 4KB of program memory and 640 bytes of RAM. The 4004
was part of the Intel MCS-4 system.
TRANSISTORS:
The microchip contains 2,300 transistors ant it processes at 10µm. Microprocessors and
Microcontrollers are special digital circuits packaged in IC form and they are made of transistors.
EFFICIENCY:
The Intel 4004 employs a 10 µm process silicon-gate enhancement load PMOS technology on a 12 mm²
die and can execute approximately 92,000 instructions per second; a single instruction cycle is 10.8
microseconds. The original clock rate design goal was 1 MHz, the same as the IBM 1620 Model
I. INTEL 4040:
The successor to the Intel 4004 is Intel 4040. It was launched in the year 1974. The Intel 4040 is a 4-bit
microprocessor. Intel discontinued its 4-bit Processors after Intel 4040 microprocessor
MANUFACTURING:
The 4040, fabricated using PMOS technology, introduced a small set of additional instructions, a larger
call stack, a larger register file, and interrupt capabilities. The package size was also increased to 24 pins.
The 4040 is part of the Intel MCS-40 chipset. The Intel 4040 CPU is a part of MCS-40 chipset, which, in
addition to the 4040 processor itself, includes 4001 ROM and I/O device, 4002 RAM and I/O device,
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