These extensive notes are based on the FLG 211 lecture notes and Human Physiology: an Integrated Approach textbook. The notes cover all the work in the module and have also been double checked using the learning outcomes in the study guide to ensure all the information was there. They also include ...
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FLG 211 (FLG211)
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LECTURE 1
What is life?
• Open systems
• Maintain homeostasis
• Composed of cells
• Have a life cycle
• Undergo metabolism
• Grow
• Adapt to their environment
• Respond to stimuli
• Reproduce
• Evolve
Homeostasis
• Balance
• Dynamic
• Depends on natural resistance to change and regulation to return to normal
range
• Homeostatic systems always contain:
a. Receptors
b. Control centre
c. Effectors
,Universal principles of life and cell biology
• There are a limited number of general principles that can explain the most
complex processes
• They are based on common molecular mechanisms
1. Genetic information
• Genetic information stored as DNA sequence is duplicated and passed on to
daughter cells
,2. Transcription and translation
• Linear chemical sequences (DNA) give rise to the linear sequences and three-
dimensional structures of RNAs and proteins
3. Macromolecules
• Macromolecules are built by combining subunits
• Allows for diversity from identical building blocks
• Self-assemble
, 4. Membranes
• Living organisms are surrounded by a membrane
• Made up of a lipid bilayer
• Following the fluid mosaic model
• Membranes are not made de novo
5. Subcellular targeting
• Spatial targeting a form of regulation
• Dependent on protein motifs and signals
• Soluble proteins start at ribosomes
• Membrane proteins carried by vesicles to target membrane
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