AQA GCSE Biology Notes for specification points 4.1 (Cell biology) and 4.2 (organisation)
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AQA GCSE Biology Student Book
A set of notes from the 1st year of GCSE, on the basic topics of cell biology and organisation (digestive system specifically)
Very detailed with diagrams and annotations
Summary mind map for AQA GCSE Biology Paper 2 Everything You Need To Know ( From A Top Student )
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Biology Revision Notes – Term 1
This includes:
4.1 Cell biology
4.1.1 Cell structure
4.1.3 Transport in cells
4.2 Organisation
4.2.1 Principles of organisation
4.2.2 Animal tissues, organs and organ systems (up to 4.2.2.4 Coronary heart disease: a
non-communicable disease)
Colour coding:
Green Highlighter – stuff writt en word for word from the spec
Pink Highlighter – key & important words (and phrases)
4.1 Cell Biology
4.1.1 Cell Structure
4.1.1.1 Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Eukaryotic cells are complex
Eukaryotic cells all have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material that is enclosed in
a nucleus
Genetic material is also known as DNA, and it is stored in forms of chromosomes, within the
nucleus
Plants, animals, fungi are all examples of eukaryotes
Bacteria are single-celled living organisms
They are way smaller than eukaryotes
Bacterial cells are called prokaryotes
, A prokaryote is a prokaryotic cell – it’s a single celled organism
They contain small rings of DNA – plasmids and their genetic material is not enclosed in a
nucleus but is freely moving around cytoplasm in a single loop
Bacteria have cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall
Bacterial cells sometimes have slime capsule and flagella – to swim (2nd)
The order of sizes goes as eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells, viruses, DNA, small molecule
A typical bacterial cell would have:
o Slime capsule – protects the cell
o Cell wall – its not made out of cellulose like in plants
o Cell membrane
o Plasmids – contain genetic code for specific features
o Flagella – long proteins, used for movement
o Genetic material – it’s a single strand of DNA, not enclosed in a nucleus
o Cytoplasm
4.1.1.2 Animal and plant cells
Plant and animal cells are eukaryotes
Different parts of the cell are called subcellular structures or organeles
Parts of animal cells + their functions:
o Nucleus – controls all the activities of the cell, surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
Contains genetic material in the form of chromosomes
o Cytoplasm – liquid gel where most of the organelles are suspended and where most
of the chemical reactions take place
o Cell membrane – controls the passage of the substances in and out of the cell
o Mitochondria – releases energy for the cell through a process of aerobic respiration
o Ribosomes – makes the proteins, through protein synthesis
Plant cells have all the previous subcellular structures, as well as:
o Cell wall – supports and strengthens the cell (made of cellulose)
o Vacuole – contains the cell sap, needed to keep cell rigid
o Chloroplasts (not always present) – contain chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis,
which converts sunlight into glucose
Required practical activity 1: use a light microscope to observe, draw and label a selection
of plant and animal cells. A magnification scale must be included.
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