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SUMMARY OF UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INCLUDING ANATOMY OF THE EAR
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Tortora Anatomy (Chap23) alar cartilages, which form a portion of the walls ofthe nostrils
Respiratory System
• two openings called the external nares
• contributes to homeostasis by providing for the • interior structures of the external nose have three
exchange of gases functions:
• helps adjust the pH of body fluids, contains o 1) warming, moistening, and filtering
receptors for the sense of smell, filters inspired air, incoming air;
produces sounds, and rids the body of some water o 2) detecting olfactory stimuli;
and heat in exhaled air o 3) modifying speech vibrations as they pass
• oxygen (O2) used for the metabolic reactions through the large, hollow resonating
• excess CO2 is acidic which must be eliminated chamber
quickly • RHINOPLASTY commonly called a “nose job,” is a
• cardiovascular and respiratory systems cooperate to surgical procedure in which the shape of the
supply O2 and eliminate CO2 external nose is altered
• upper respiratory system includes the nose, nasal • nasal cavity is a large space in the anterior aspect of
cavity, pharynx the skull that lies inferior to the nasal bone and
• lower respiratory system includes the larynx, superior to the oral cavity
trachea, bronchi, and lungs o anteriorly, the nasal cavity merges with the
• conducting zone consists of a series of external nose
interconnecting cavities and tubes both outside and o posteriorly it communicates with the
within the lung -- nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, pharynx through two openings called the
larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal internal nares or choanae
bronchioles. Function is to filter, warm, and • Ducts from the paranasal sinuses (which drain
moisten air and conduct it into the lungs mucus) and the nasolacrimal ducts (which drain
• respiratory zone consists of tubes and tissues tears) also open into the nasal cavity
within the lungs where gas exchange occurs -- • Skull bones containing the paranasal sinuses are the
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillae
sacs, and alveoli • Paranasal sinuses serve as resonating chambers for
• pulmonologist is a specialist in the diagnosis and sound as we speak or sing
treatment of diseases of the lungs • The lateral walls of the internal nose are formed by
• otorhinolaryngology deals with the diagnosis and the ethmoid, maxillae, lacrimal, palatine, and
treatment of diseases of the ears, nose, and throat inferior nasal conchae bones
(ENT) • palatine bones and palatine processes of the
maxillae form the floor of the internal nose
Nose • bony and cartilaginous framework of the nose help
• nose is a specialized organ at the entrance of the to keep the vestibule and nasal cavity patent
respiratory system that is divided into an external • nasal cavity is divided into a larger, inferior
portion and an internal portion called the nasal respiratory region and a smaller, superior olfactory
cavity region
• external nose is visible on the face and consists of a • respiratory region is lined with pseudostratified
bone and hyaline cartilage covered with muscle ciliated columnar epithelium with numerous goblet
and skin and lined by a mucous membrane cells, which is frequently called the respiratory
• frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillae form the epithelium
bony framework of the external nose • anterior portion of the nasal cavity just inside the
• cartilaginous framework of the external nose nostrils, called the nasal vestibule
consists of the septal nasal cartilage, which forms • superior part of the nasal cavity is surrounded by
the anterior portion of the nasal septum; the lateral bone
nasal cartilages inferior to the nasal bones; and the • vertical partition the nasal septum, divides the nasal
cavity into right and left sides
,• The anterior portion of the nasal septum consists • muscles of the entire pharynx are arranged in two
primarily of hyaline cartilage layers, an outer circular layer and an inner
• When air enters the nostrils, it passes first through longitudinal layer
the vestibule, which is lined by hairs • superior portion is the nasopharynx that extends to
• Conchae subdivide each side of the nasal cavity into soft palate -- is an arch-shaped muscular partition
a series of groovelike passageways between the nasopharynx and oropharynx that is
• As air passes through the nose; it is warmed, lined by mucous membrane
filtered, and moistened; and olfaction occurs • 5 openings = 2 internal nares, 2 openings that lead
into the auditory (pharyngotympanic) tubes
(commonly known as the eustachian tubes), and the
opening into the oropharynx.
• posterior wall of pharynx also contains the
pharyngeal tonsil or adenoid
• nasopharynx is lined with pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium
• nasopharynx exchanges small amounts of air with
the auditory tubes to equalize air pressure between
the pharynx and the middle ear
• oropharynx is posterior to the oral cavity and
extends from the soft palate inferiorly to the level
• Conchae and meatuses increases surface area in the of the hyoid bone
internal nose and prevents dehydration by trapping • oropharynx has only one opening into it, the fauces
water droplets during exhalation -- the opening from the mouth
• Air is warmed by blood in the capillaries • oropharynx is subject to abrasion it is lined with
• Mucus secreted by the goblet cells moistens the air nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
and traps dust particles • hypopharynx/laryngopharynx, the inferior end,
• olfactory receptors are near superior nasal conchae opens into the esophagus (food tube) posteriorly
and the larynx (voice box) anteriorly
• It contains cilia but no goblet cells = olfactory
epithelium • laryngopharynx is both a respiratory and a digestive
pathway and is lined by nonkeratinized stratified
Pharynx squamous epithelium
• Throat is a funnel-shaped tube about 13 cm (5 in.) Larynx
long that starts at the internal nares and extends to
the level of the cricoid cartilage • voice box; short passageway that connects the
laryngopharynx with the trachea
• Posterior to the nasal and oral cavities
• midline of the neck anterior to the esophagus and
• superior to the larynx
the fourth through sixth cervical vertebrae (C4–C6)
• anterior to the cervical vertebrae
• wall of the larynx is composed of nine pieces of
• Relaxed skeletal muscles keep the pharynx patent
cartilage
• Contraction of the skeletal muscles assists in
o Three occur singly (thyroid cartilage,
deglutition (swallowing)
epiglottis, and cricoid cartilage)
• pharynx functions as a passageway for air and food
o three occur in pairs (arytenoid, cuneiform,
• provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds
and corniculate cartilages)
• houses the tonsils which participate in
• arytenoids influence changes in position and
immunological reactions against foreign invaders
tension of the vocal folds (true vocal cords for
• it is divided in 3:
speech)
o (1) nasopharynx
• extrinsic muscles of the larynx connect the
o (2) oropharynx
cartilages to other structures in the throat
o (3) laryngopharynx
, • intrinsic muscles connect the cartilages to one Structures of Voice Production
another
• mucous membrane of the larynx forms two pairs of
• cavity of the larynx is the space that extends from
fold = superior ventricular folds (false vocal cords) &
the entrance into the larynx down to the inferior
inferior vocal folds (true vocal cords)
border of the cricoid cartilage
• space between the ventricular folds is known as the
• portion of the cavity of the larynx above the vocal
rima vestibule
folds (true vocal cords) is called the vestibule of the
• ventricular folds do not function in voice production
larynx
but function in holding the breath against pressure
• thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple) consists of two
in the thoracic cavity, such as might occur when a
fused plates of hyaline cartilage that form the
person strains to lift a heavy object
anterior wall of the larynx and give it a triangular
shape
• ligament that connects the thyroid cartilage to the
hyoid bone is called the thyrohyoid membrane
• epiglottis is a large, leaf-shaped piece of elastic
cartilage
• elevation of the pharynx widens it to receive food
or drink; elevation of the larynx causes the
epiglottis to move down and form a lid over the
glottis, closing it off
• glottis consists of a pair of folds of mucous
membrane, the vocal folds, and the space between
them called the rima glottides PHONATION
• When small particles of dust, smoke, food, or liquids
pass into the larynx producing cough reflex • Intrinsic laryngeal muscles attach to both the rigid
• Cricoid cartilage is a ring of hyaline cartilage that cartilages and the vocal folds
forms the inferior wall of the larynx • When the muscles contract they move the
• Cricoid cartilage attached to the first ring of cartilages, which pulls the elastic ligaments tight,
cartilage of the trachea by the cricotracheal and this stretches the vocal folds out into the
ligament airways so that the rima glottidis is narrowed
• thyroid cartilage is connected to the cricoid
cartilage by the cricothyroid ligament
• cricoid cartilage is the landmark for making an
emergency airway called a tracheotomy
• paired arytenoid are triangular pieces of mostly
hyaline cartilage
• corniculate cartilages horn-shaped pieces of elastic
cartilage, are located at the apex of each arytenoid
cartilage • Contracting and relaxing the muscles varies the
• cuneiform cartilage club-shaped elastic cartilages tension in the vocal folds
anterior to the corniculate cartilages, support the • Air passing through the larynx vibrates the folds and
vocal folds and lateral aspects of the epiglottis produces sound (phonation)
• lining of the larynx superior to the vocal folds is • variation in the pitch of the sound is related to the
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium; tension in the vocal folds
inferior to it is pseudostratified ciliated columnar • When the intrinsic muscles of the larynx contract,
epithelium they pull on the arytenoid cartilages, which causes
• ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells, and basal cells the cartilages to pivot and slide
are at the inferior part of vocal cords
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