chamberlain college of nursing bios 242 final exam guide
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BIOS 242 Final Exam Study Guide
TCO 1: Given a list of Koch's postulates, analyze how early microbiologists
proposed hypotheses and performed experiments to determine the causes of
various diseases.
Describe the contributions of Leeuwenhoek and Koch to the field of microbiology.
Antotoi van Leewenhoek Father of the microscope and discovered protozoa and
bacteria
Koch studied diseases causes, simple staining techniques, estimating CFU/ml,
Use of Petri dishes, transfer of bacteria, photomicrograph bacteria
Describe the six different categories in which the organisms described by
Leeuwenhoek were grouped.
1. Bacteria can cause disease, prokaryotes, lack nuclei, some lack cell walls some
cell walls contain peptidoglycan, reproduce asexually (E. coli, L. spp, S. spp)
2. Archaea- Never causes disease, prokaryotes, lack nuclei, cell wall composed of
polymers instead of peptidoglycan, reproduce asexually
3. Fungi- can cause disease (Eukaryotes, heterotrophs, have cell wall, reproduce
asexually by budding. (ex. Beer S. cereviae , yeast infection C. albicans)
4. Protozoa- cause disease (Eukaryotes) single celled, similar to animals nutrients
needs and cellular structure, live freely in water (ex. G. limblia, Plasmodium and
malaria). (capable of movement: pseudopodia, cilia, flagella)
5. Algae- No disease (Eukaryotes) unicellular, photosynthetic, simple reproductive
structures (ex. Alger plates Jello)
6. Small multicellular animals- worms, ticks, mosquitoes (Eukaryotes) can cause
disease
7. Virus (could not observe)
TCO 2 – Given pictures of a variety of microorganisms including fungi, protozoa,
bacteria, and viruses, classify each as prokaryotic, eukaryotic, or acellular and
compare and contrast their structure and function.
• Describe cellular macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids, and the roles they play in cellular structures (Ch. 2)
1. Carbohydrates-energy source storage and structure
2. Proteins- are the cells structure composed of amino acids and peptide bonds
involved in the transportation of substances
3. Lipids –(fats, phospholipids, waxes) hydrophobic, provides energy and insulation
4. Nucleic acids- DNA (required for photosynthesis) and RNA (carries the
information to the cite of protein production)
• Compare and contrast molecular components of prokaryotes (Bacteria and
Archaea), eukaryotes, and viruses as well as the environmental conditions these
can be found in
, 1. Prokaryotes Bacteria
Internal structure – Endospores, Nucleoid, and Ribosomes (refer to unit 1
worksheet)
External structures- Flagella, Fimbriae (sticky, short biofilms) , Pili (transfer DNA),
and Cell walls (protection, cell to cell attachment, give cells shape, gram+, gram
-)
(refer to unit 1 worksheet)
2. Archaea- have cell walls but lack peptidoglycan (uses PPG), have cytoplasmic
membranes, reproduce by; binary fusion, budding, or fragmentation.
Extremophiles (pH, temputure, and, salt).
No nucleus
Smaller then eukaryotes
Diverse
3. Eukaryotes- Of the Eukaryotes fungi, algae, plants, and some protozoa contain
cell walls.
Internally contains nucleus (house DNA and direct the synthesis of
proteins ) and membrane bound organelles(Golgi body which play a role
in lipid synthesis and transport, mitochondria; has two bilayer membranes
and where most ATP is produced , chloroplasts; which uses light energy
to produce ATP)
The structure is more complex
Contains a plasma membrane (composed of a bilayer of phospholipid
bilayer), cytoplasm, and ribosomes (larger then in prokaryotes)
contain glycocalyces which strengthens the cells surface, protects it from
dehydration, and helps with anchoring animal’s cells to each other.
Cell wall-contains different types of polysaccharides; Cellulose
• A Classify and describe the general characteristics of prokaryotes.
• Cellular shapes (morphology)
, • Cellular arrangements
• Describe Gram positive, Gram negative, and Acid Fast cell wall/membrane
structures including molecular components (lipids, acids, endotoxins, periplasmic
space).
Gram Positive= has a thick layer of peptidoglycan, contains teichoic acids
(endotoxin) appear purple after staining.
Gram negative= thin layer of peptidoglycan, contains a bilayer membrane,
lipopolysaccharide (LPS lipid A portion is responsible for fevers), appears pink
after staining.
Acid Fast- A gram positive bacterium that has a thick layer of peptidoglycan but
also up to 60% mycolic acid. Causes TB and leprosy
• Compare/contrast methods of transport into and out of cells
The plasma membrane is responsible for allows molecules in and out of the cell
because it is selectively permeable. Molecules are only able to enter in
(endocytosis) and out (exocytosis) of the cell by passive, active and bulk
transport.
• Describe passive, active, bulk transport
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