PHIL 2303: Critical thinking Units/chapter notes 3-12

This documents has examples of induction arguments and the different types of inductive arguments. there are examples, critical factors and definitions of these different inductions.

Arguments are collections of statements that are used to logically support a specific point. They consist of premises, which justify the conclusion, and the logical form that connects the premises to the conclusion. Premises and conclusions are statements that are declarative in grammatical form, fa...

Probative argument is an inductive argument evaluated using the principles of good reasoning, as it uses reasons rather than statistics. The strength of a probative argument can be easily determined as weak or not based on prima facie judgment, which is a preliminary judgement made with the knowledg...

There are four types of inductive arguments: Induction by Enumeration, Reductio Ad Absurdum, Statistical Induction, and Higher-level Induction. Induction by Enumeration argues from specific instances to a generalization. Reductio Ad Absurdum argues against a position by showing it leads to absurd ou...

Arguments by Analogy are based on the idea that if a certain property or relation exists between two things (A and B), it will also exist between two other things (C and D) that share a similarity with A. Analogies are often expressed as A : B :: C : D. There are different types of analogical argume...

Causal explanations are different from inductive arguments as they provide explanations rather than conclusions. There are two types of explanations: reason explanations and causal explanations. Reason explanations provide a purpose or goal, while causal explanations explain what caused something to...

Unit #12: Art Inquiry This unit focuses on aesthetic judgments, privacy, subjectivity, artistic medium, interpretive judgments, meaning, and justifying interpretive judgments. Aesthetic judgments are evaluative or interpretive, expressing values like beauty, elegance, complexity, vision, and influe...

Unit #11: Scientific Method - Deductivism and inductivism are methods used in the scientific method. - Deductivism involves deriving scientific laws through deductive methods from metaphysical truths. - Examples of deductivism include Aristotle deducing the shape of the solar system and Hippocrat...

Outline Case #1: “Beyond Here There Be” Single Probability Conjoined Probabilities Case #2: “Buzzer Beater” Disjunctive Possibilities Computing Probabilities Case #3: Graduation Anxiety

The text discusses the appropriate use of authority and expertise when evaluating claims. It emphasizes the importance of skepticism and critical thinking when faced with expert advice. The text also highlights the fallacy of inappropriate appeal to authority and provides several criteria for determ...