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Health and Homeostasis 2 Notes
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Gastrointestinal systemGIS to homeostasis
Humans need to get nutrients + water from external environment
Nutrients: minerals, vitamins, the molecules necessary to assemble the
cells and tissue of the body and the fuel needed to provide energy the
body needs
Digestion
Breaking down food into molecules that can be absorbed
o Mechanical: applying force to food
o Chemical: converting complex large molecules into simpler
molecules through action of enzymes & other chemicals
Liver
Bile is produced in liver
Travels from liver to duodenum via bile duct
Gall-bladder
Bile stored in gall bladder
Pancreas
Pancreatic juice reaches duodenum
Small intestine
Digestion in SI involves bile and pancreatic juice & digestive enzyme
Absorption
Simpler, smaller molecules produced through digestion can be
transported across cells of mucosa to sub-mucosa
Fats are transported from GIT via lymphatic vessels of tract
Reabsorption of water occurs in small intestine & large intestine
Large intestine
Resident bacteria in LI are important source of B group vitamins and
vitamin K
Defecation
,Nutrition
Macronutrients (Grams)
o Carbohydrates (sugars, starches and fibre)
o Lipids (Fats and oils)
o Proteins
o water
Micronutrients (Mg)
o Vitamins
o Minerals
Essential nutrients: nutrients that cannot be produced in the body
Carbohydrates
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Function: source of glucose to be used to generate energy (ATP)
Lipids
Fatty acids
Triglycerides
Saturated fats
o Joined together by single bond
Unsaturated fats
o Joined together by a combination of single and double bonds
Trans fatty acid
o Associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease
Cis fatty acids
Vitamins
Can be synthesised in body
o Vitamin D (sunlight)
o Vitamin K (intestinal bacteria)
o B group vitamins (amino acid)
Water soluble vitamins: B group vitamins & vitamin C
Fat soluble vitamins: Vitamins A, D, E and K
Minerals
Major minerals: 100mg or more a day
Trace minerals: les than 100mg a day
, Pharmacology
Pharmacology
The study of the effects of drugs on the function of living systems
Pharmacodynamics
Where a drug acts in the body (site of action)
Biochemical, physiological and behavioural effects of drugs (mode of
action)
Pharmacokinetics
The way in which the drug concentration changes with time
How drugs get into the body, move around the body and leave the body
(Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism or Excretion)
Quantitative pharmacokinetics (measure concentration of drug at
various times)
Allows one to make intelligent decisions regarding dose and frequency
of drug administration
Oral route (P.O)
Most common, usually safest, most convenient & most economical
Intestine is major site of drug absorption following oral administration
Difficulties with P.O route
First-pass metabolism
Before entering systemic circulation, blood leaving the GI
tract passes through liver
Thus, drugs that are highly metabolised by liver may attain
very low circulating levels relative to those attained after
parenteral administration
Concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches
systemic circulation
Example drugs: morphine, metoprolol & diazepam
(therefore oral dose is higher than injected dose)
Diazepam oral dose = 2-10mg, IV dose = 2-5mg
Explanation for differences in rates of absorption
Stomach empting
Alcohol in the stomach gets to the intestine faster when drinks are
carbonated. The bubbles make the stomach empty faster so
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