APHY 101 - Midterm Ch. 1-6
Acid - ANS-Acids are electrolytes that dissociate the release hydrogen ions in water
Active transport - ANS-The movement of materials against a concentration difference that
requires energy
Anabolism - ANS-Provides all the materials required for cellular growth and repair/Larger
molecules are constructed from smaller ones
Anticodon - ANS-A three base sequence on tRNA
Atom - ANS-The smallest unit of matter that defines the chemical elements
Base - ANS-A compound that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
Briefly describe the function of the basement membrane of epithelial tissue - ANS-The
underside of epithelial tissue is anchored by a basement membrane to connective tissue
Catabolism - ANS-A group of metabolic processes that break down larger molecules into
smaller ones
Cell differentiation - ANS-The process by which genetically identical cells of an embryo become
specialized or the process by which stable differences arise between cells of the embryo
Chromosome - ANS-A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA, protein, and RNA found
in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other
nucleotide sequence.
Codon - ANS-A codon is the sequence of three bases on mRNA that codes for a single amino
acid
Coenzymes - ANS-Organic molecules that act as cofactors
Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and of RNA molecules - ANS-
Compound - ANS-A substance made from two or more elements chemically combined
Define Extracellular Matrix of connective tissue - ANS-In the connective tissue, matrix is
secreted by connective tissue cells into the space surrounding them, where it serves to bind
cells together
, Define Homeostasis. How does a homeostatic mechanism maintain homeostasis? - ANS-The
body's maintenance of a stable internal environment.
Depend on normal concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen, and normal body
temperature and pressure
Define Ion. How do we indicate in a molecular formula if an atom is an ion? - ANS-Ions are
atoms that gain or lose electrons and become electrically charged
Define Metabolisim - ANS-The sum of all physical and chemical events that obtain, release, and
utilize energy
Describe filtration - ANS-The process of forcing molecules through a membrane
Describe on a molecular level how enzymes perform their function - ANS-
Describe osmosis - ANS-The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Describe the 3 main types of cells and 3 main types of fibers found in connective tissues -
ANS-Fibroblasts, Macrophages, and Mast
Collagenous, Elastic, and Reticular
Describe the 3 types of intercellular junctions - ANS-Tight junctions: They are impermeable
junctions that bind cells together into leak proof sheets that prevent substances from passing
through the space between cells
Desmosomes: Located in cells of the skin and function to form a reinforced structural unit
Gap Junctions: Located in cells of the heart muscle and muscle cells of digestive tract and
function to link the cytoplasm of adjacent cells and allow ions, nutrients, and other small
molecules to move between them
Describe the basic structure of the cell/plasma membrane - ANS-
Describe the function of the arrector pili muscle - ANS-Is attached to hair follicle; when muscle
contracts the hair stands on end, raising goose bumps; triggered if a person is emotionally upset
or very cold
Describe the process of facilitated diffusion - ANS-Movement of a substance across a cell
membrane going from high to low concentration with the help of a carrier protein in the cell
membrane
Describe the process of healing a wound, including scab formation. - ANS-Blood escapes from
dermal blood vessels, a blood clot soon forms, the blood clot and dried tissue fluid form a scab,
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