BIOL 465 Midterm #1 Questions And Answers With Latest Set
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Course
BIOL 465
Institution
BIOL 465
BIOL 465 Midterm #1 Questions And Answers With Latest Set
What is the definition of a tumor? ANS Any abnormal growth (neoplasm) or mass of tissue the exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissue and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli that evoked th...
BIOL 465 Midterm #1 Questions And Answers With
Latest Set
What is the definition of a tumor? ANS Any abnormal growth (neoplasm) or mass of tissue the
exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissue and persists in the same excessive
manner after cessation of the stimuli that evoked the change
What is a benign tumor? ANS A growth of abnormal cells which is contained in one area within
the body and will not invade other body parts
What is a malignant tumor? ANS Cancer that has the capacity to be metastatic.
Why are malignant tumors different in terms of nuclear size and N/C ratio? ANS - much larger
because they are highly proliferating... can move through the cell cycle
-Large nucleus because lots going on there
What are the three steps in metastasis ANS - cancer cells invade surrounding tissues and vessels
-Cancer cells are transported by the circulatory system to distant sites
-Cancer cells reinvade and grow in new location
What do tumours need to move through the basement membranes and become metastatic? ANS
Proteases
What is a premetastatic niche? ANS When metastatic cancer cells are choosing a secondary
location they normally come to an area called a premetastatic niche. In this area the endothelial cells
will normally be displaying something and also the concentration of cytokines will increase.
What is carcinoma in situ ANS - non invasive/ metastatic
Hypothesis for preferred metastasis sites ANS - Certain tissues or organs are particularly
favourable for the growth of some cancers
, - Capillary bed entrapment: Organ preference is a function of entrapment of cancer cells in the first
capillary ben encountered
-Depends on both mechanical sieving effect and the presence of specific environmental conditions
such as tumour derived soluble factors, bone derived hematopoietic cells, and tumour associated
macrophages
What are the different types of cell growth ANS - Hypertophy: increase in cell size, normal
organization, reversible
-Hyperplasia: Increase in cell number, normal organization, reversible
-Dysplasia: Disorganized growth, may or mayn't be reversible
-Neoplasia: Disorganized growth, net increase in number of dividing cells, no stimuli required, not
reversible
Is there a correlation between cancer and cell division frequency?? ANS - there is a very poor
correlation
What type of genes do cancer mutations happen in? ANS - oncogenes, tumor suppressors, DNA
repair
What are the 4 mechanism for self sufficiency in growth signals ANS -Cytokines and growth
factors (IL-3 or EGF)
-Cytokine/ receptor tyrosine kinases/ intracellular receptors (nuclear receptors)
-Intracellular transducers
-Transcription factors and cell cycle regulators
What does cyclin D1 Do ANS controls G1 entry
How is cyclin D1 produced by growth factor ANS GF- Tyrosine kinase receptor - Grb2 - SOS -
Ras - Raf - Downstream turns on D1
How is cyclin D1 produced by cytokines ANS Cytokine - cytokine receptor - Jak - STAT - D1
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