Exam (elaborations)
Bioethics Final Questions and Answers
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Exam of 6 pages for the course Bioethics at Bioethics (Bioethics Final)
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Bioethics FinalName and define the four principles of bioethics. - answer1. principle of respect for
autonomy (aka the "Autonomy Principle")
- Autonomous persons should be allowed to exercise their capacity for self-
determination.
2. Principle of Non-Maleficence ("Do No Harm")
- Do not intentionally create a harm or injury to the patient, either through acts of
commission (removing a healthy limb) or omission (Tuskegee)
3. Principle of Beneficence ("Do Good")
- Healthcare providers additionally have a duty to benefit the patient (not just refrain
from harming them)
4. Principle of Justice
- There should be a fair distribution of healthcare and resources
What are the essential elements of informed consent according to Beauchamp &
Childress? - answerI. Threshold Elements (preconditions)
1. Competence (ability to understand and decide)
2. Voluntariness (in deciding)
II. Information Elements
3. Disclosure (of material info)
4. Recommendation (of a plan)
5. Understanding (of 3 and 4)
III. Consent Elements
6. Decision (in favor of a plan)
7. Authorization (of the chosen plan)
Define the two concepts of disability and be sure to indicate how each conception
recommends "treating" disabilities. - answer1) Medical Model: disability is something
wrong with an individual body, an impairment or dysfunction and it's the job of medicine
to fix that impairment as best as possible
• How disability is treated: try to treat/change the body
2) Social Model: disability isn't a property of a body, but as the fit or lack of fit between a
body and its environment
• How disability is treated: intervene on the environment, the body, or both
, Define the "Harm Paradox." - answer1. You can't harm a nonexistent being.
2. As long as existing is better than not existing, you aren't harming a person by
allowing them to exist.
3. So, you can't argue that you owe it to a child to not allow them to be born.
Provide Quill Kukla's definition of exploitation. - answer1. Involves choice between
unfairly bad options to the advantage of the exploiter.
2. A person can still be exploited even if they are better off than they would have been
absent the choices given.
Be able to provide your own example of exploitation - answerpaid organ donation
Strong v. weak paternalism - answerStrong paternalism: medical paternalism is
justifiable to benefit patients by autonomy-limiting measures even against the patient's
will. (Ex. the government requiring seat belts for all people driving a car - example of
paternalism, NOT medical paternalism)
Highly controversial because it limits the autonomy of competent patients
Conflicts between principles of autonomy & beneficence
Weak paternalism: paternalistic interventions are justified only when a patient has
limited or reduced autonomy (Ex. a child's parents helping them make a major medical
decision)
Not as controversial since gives doctors power over patients without full autonomy when
dealing with children, dementia patients, mentally-ill patients, etc.
· The three Important Skills Needed for Autonomous Decision Making - answer1. Ability
to formulate a stable and non-contradictory preference
2. Ability to understand information and one's situation
3. Ability to reason through the consequences of an important choice
Define the "Risk-Based Sliding Scale" Model of Competence (p.116) - answerAs the
risks of a medical intervention increase for patients, so should the level of ability
required for a judgment of competence to elect or refuse the intervention. (as the risks
for a procedure increase, one's competence decreases, as the risks for a procedure
decrease, one's competence increases)
The problem with the Sliding Scale Model - answerCritique- As harms/complexities for a
procedure increase, competency should also increase or stay the same
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