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NMAT Review: Biology Exam Study Guide Solutions hypertonic vs. hypotonic vs. isotonic solution - ANSWER-Hypertonic solution/environment - where the solution has a higher concentration of solutes than in the cell, so the cell has a higher water potential. This causes water from the cell to flow ...

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  • November 11, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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NMAT Review: Biology Exam Study Guide

Solutions


hypertonic vs. hypotonic vs. isotonic solution - ANSWER✔✔-Hypertonic solution/environment - where

the solution has a higher concentration of solutes than in the cell, so the cell has a higher water

potential. This causes water from the cell to flow outwards, shrinking the cell/crenating it. Or in plant

cells, plasmolyze it.


Hypotonic solution/environment - where the solution has a lower concentration of solutes than in the

cell, so the environment has the higher water potential. This causes a net movement of water into the

cell, swell/lyse. Or in plant cells, become turgid.


Isotonic solution/environment - where the solution and the cell have equal concentration of solutes and

equal water potential. There is a zero net movement of water.


Function of membrane proteins - ANSWER✔✔--Cell-to-cell communication


-cell-to-cell recognition site


-attachment to the cytoskeleton & extracellular matrix (infrastructure)


-across the membrane transportation


---> small, polar uncharged molecules can pass (water, CO2)


---> hydrophobic molecules can cross the lipid bilayer (hydrocarbons, O2)


---> large, polar uncharged molecules can't pass through (sugars, proteins)



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---> ions can't pass without help from transport proteins/channels (H+, Na+, Cl-, K+)


T-lymphocytes vs. B-lymphocytes - ANSWER✔✔-T-lymphocytes -- processed in the thymus that initiates

the attack on foreign bodies. It's considered a part of the cell-mediated response


B-lymphocytes -- released into the boodstream, it secretes antibodies which bind to the antigen and

eventually destroy it. It's considered a part of the humoral immune response


Point mutations: silent, missense, nonsense - ANSWER✔✔-Silent - causes no change in activity of the

protein


Missense - results in a change of the activity of the protein


Nonsense - results to a protein shorter than usual/most likely becomes non-functional


Frameshift mutations - ANSWER✔✔-A mutation where the whole frame of the genetic sequence is

changed (most likely from an addition or subtraction of a nucleotide)


Meristem - ANSWER✔✔-Zones of unspecialized cells whose sole function is to divide


-Apical meristems produce primary growth (length). Three types: protoderm (epidermal tissue),

procambrium (central vascular cylinder - stele), and ground meristem (ground tissue system)


-Lateral meristem produces secondary growth (girth). Two types: vascular cambrium (produces

secondary xylem & secondary phloem) and cork cambrium (produces cork cells and phelloderm)


Classification of organisms - ANSWER✔✔-Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species


(Kings Play Chess On Fine Grain Sand)


Dihybrid crossing - ANSWER✔✔-


Blood types A, B, AB, and O - ANSWER✔✔-A - Has the antigen for A and the antibody for B

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