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RASMUSSEN FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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RASMUSSEN FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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RASMUSSEN FINAL EXAM STUDYGUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Ventilate - Answer- Inhalation and Exhalation
Oxygen in and CO 2 out
Room Air - Answer- 21% oxygen
Factors affecting ventilation - Answer- * Clear airways
* Intact CNS
* Intact thoracic cavity
* Intact alveoli
Impaired ventilation - Answer- * Spinal cord injury
* Trauma to brain stem
* Scoliosis
* COPD
* Asthma
* Cystic Fibrosis
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Answer- * CO 2 buildup causes
body to become acidotic.
* Normal chest dimensions are 2:1, barrel chest from COPD is 1:1
* Remodeling of the airway.
* Pursed lips because air is trapped and trying to force exhale.
Cystic Fibrosis - Answer- A recessive genetic disorder that causes inflammation and
excessive mucous.
Transportation - Answer- Haemoglobin become oxygenated.
Send oxygen in and take CO 2 out
Impaired Transportation - Answer- * Anemia
* Blood loss
Types of Anemia - Answer- * Bone marrow not making enough RBCs - caused by
nutrition and renal failure
* Premature destruction of RBCs - Sickle cell anemia
* Losing RBCs - blood loss from hemorrhage, ulcers, colon cancer
,Perfusion - Answer- Pumping of blood throughout the body.
Ability of blood to DELIVER O2 and return CO2
Impaired Perfusion - Answer- Pump and Vessels
* Decreased cardiac output
* Vessel blockage - thrombi and emboli
* Vessel narrowing - Atherosclerosis (PVD)
* Vasoconstriction
* Blood loss
Hemoptysis - Answer- Coughing up blood
Ischemia - Answer- Tissue death due to lack of oxygen
Hemiparesis - Answer- One side of the body is paralyzed (CVA)
Hypoxemia - Answer- Low oxygen in blood - look stressed and crazy
Early Signs of Hypoxemia - Answer- * Tachypnea
* Tachycardia
* Restlessness
* Pallor
* Elevated B/P
* Signs of distress
* Confusion
Late Signs of Hypoxemia - Answer- * Bradypnea
* Bradycardia
* Listlessness
* Cyanosis
* Hypotension
Can interfere with Pulse Oximeter - Answer- * Nail polish
* Edema
* Poor circulation
* Hypothermia
* Anemia
* Movement
O2 sat readings - Answer- Pulse Ox can't measure over-saturation.
91% - 100% - Expected
Below 91% - Require nursing intervention
Below 86% - Emergency
Below 80% - Life threatening
, Wheezing - Answer- Narrowed airways (asthma)
Crackles - Answer- Fluid and mucous
Stridor - Answer- Upper airway inflammation heard on inspiration (croup)
Intercostal Retraction - Answer- Muscles pulled between each rib - sign of a breathing
problem.
Grunting - Answer- Increases PEEP (positive end expository pressure)
Eupnea - Answer- Normal breathing
Apnea - Answer- Temporary cessation of breathing, especially durning sleep.
Normal Breath Sounds - Answer- * Bronchial
* Bronchovesicular
* Vesicular
Bronchial - Answer- 1:2 - Inspiration is half the time of Expiration
Bronchovesicular - Answer- 1:1 - Inspiration is equal to Expiration
Vesicular - Answer- 2.5:1 - Inspiration is 2.5 times longer than Expiration
Labs - Answer- * CBC - Drawn from a vein. Testing the RBCs, hgb (hemoglobin), Hct
(hematocrit), and WBCs
* ABG - Drawn from an artery. Testing the pH, Oxygen, CO 2 and Bicarbonate.
Incentive Spirometer - Answer- Measures the volume of air moving in and out of the
lungs and calculates lung capacity. Breath in deeply to fully expand lungs and push out
any fluids.
Pulmonary Function Test - Answer- Blow out to measure volume.
Orthostatic Position - Answer- Sitting up in bed leaning over table, which helps open up
the airway.
Oxygen Therapy - Answer- Dries the airway. Avoid alcohol and petroleum.
Non rebreather mask - Answer- 80% - 95%
10 - 15L
Simple face mask - Answer- 40% - 60%
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