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HMX Immunology- ALL 2024/2025 Solution solved 100% Passed!!
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HMX Immunology- ALL 2024/2025 Solution solved 100% Passed!!
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Passed!!2024/2025
HMX Immunology- ALL
ABO blood groups Answer: carbohydrate antigens on the surface of blood
cells determine blood type
primary lymphoid organs Answer: bone marrow and thymus
circulating leukocytes Answer: mature immune cells that circulate through
blood vessels
innate immunity Answer: mechanisms that exist prior to infection and are
capable of rapid responses to microbes
adaptive immunity Answer: a more complex defense system against infection
that requires some time to develop after initial exposure to the microbe; is
specific and specialized and has memory; mediated by lymphocytes with highly
diverse antigen receptors
lymphocytes Answer: a type of white blood cell that makes antibodies to fight
off infections
PD-L1 Answer: A protein that's expressed by immune cells, such as DCs, and
non-immune cells, including many cancer cells. Blocking this protein prevents its
interaction with PD-1 expressed by T cells, thus relieving a negative regulator of T
cell function
, Passed!!
2024/2025
Checkpoint blockade Answer: the reactivation of existing T cells that are
nonfunctional due to inhibitory signaling; accomplished by blocking inhibitory
receptors, which rejuvenates exhausted T cells (mainly CTLA-4 in lymph nodes
and PD-1 in tissue)
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell Answer: are created by introducing
into T cells a DNA sequence that contains the recognition portion of an antibody
fused to signaling components of the T cell receptor; have been used to treat
some types of cancer
Cross matching Answer: method of matching a donor's blood to the recipient
by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility
HLA (human leukocyte antigen) Answer: these proteins are the most
important determinants of an allogenic immune response
HLA matching Answer: used to reduce the risk of transplant rejection
Natural antibodies Answer: Antibodies produced by the immune system in
the apparent absence of any infection. They have a broad specificity for self and
microbial antigens, can react with many pathogens, and can activate
complement.
Immunosuppressive drugs Answer: Chemical agents that cause the human
body not to produce antibodies that normally fight off foreign material in the
body. The production of these antibodies needs to be suppressed in order to
permit the acceptance of a donor organ by the recipient's body (block T cell
activation or kill lymphocytes)
, Passed!!
2024/2025
Neoantigen discovery Answer: involves searching for antigens that uniquely
occur in a tumor (due to mutations that are part of the tumorigenic process) and
are capable of binding to host MHC; activates T cells to recognize that peptide,
thus destroying cancer cells
Passive immunotherapy Answer: Individual acquires immunity through the
transfer of antibodies formed by immune individual or animal; expensive and low
throughput
Polymorphic proteins Answer: proteins encoded by genes with more than
one variant (allele) for that gene; can be abnormally expressed
Transplantation Answer: The grafting of living tissue from its normal position
to another site, or of an organ or tissue from one person to another.
Transplant rejection Answer: Recognition by the immune system of a
transplanted tissue as foreign and subsequent attack on the tissue; initiated by T
lymphocytes
Transfusion Answer: transferring blood from one person to another
Transfusion reaction Answer: reaction of the body to a transfusion of blood
that is not compatible with its own blood via complement activation and
opsonization
Vectored immunoprophylaxis Answer: the introduction of DNA encoding an
antibody into individuals; creates antibodies that could be protective against a
microbe; inexpensive
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