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WGU D236 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY FINAL OA EXAM ACTUAL EXAM AND PRACTICE EXAM LATEST COMPLETE 400 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS.
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WGU D236 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY FINAL OA EXAM ACTUAL EXAM AND PRACTICE EXAM LATEST COMPLETE 400 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS.

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  • November 1, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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WGU D236 pathophysiology: Objective
Assessment Questions and Verified
Answers | Latest 2023/2024 GRADED A+
What5is5Starling's5Law5of5Capillary5forces?


How5does5this5explain5why5a5nutritionally5deficient5child5would5have5edema?


-

5 ☑️
☑️
Starling's5Law5describes5how5fluids5move5across5the5capillary5membrane.5There5are5two5major5opp

osing5forces5that5act5to5balance5each5other,5hydrostatic5pressure5(pushing5water5out5of5the5capillaries)

5 and5osmotic5pressure5(including5oncontic5pressure,5which5pushes5fluid5into5the5capillaries).




Both5electrolytes5and5proteins5(oncontic5pressure)5in5the5blood5affect5osmotic5pressure,5hi

gh5electrolyte5and5protein5concentrations5in5the5blood5would5cause5water5to5leave5the5cell

s5and5interstitial5space5and5enter5the5blood5stream5to5dilute5the5high5concentrations.




On,5the5other5hand,5low5electrolyte5and5protein5concentrations5(as5seen5in5a5nutritionally5deficient5c

hild)5would5cause5water5to5leave5the5capillaries5and5enter5the5cells5and5interstitial5fluid5which5can5le

ad5to5edema.




How5does5the5RAAS5(Renin-Angiotensin-

Aldosterone5System)5result5in5increased5blood5volume5and5increased5blood5pressure?

,WGU5D2365pathophysiology5OA5Exam5Study5Guide520235Questions5and5Answers



-

5 ☑️
☑️
A5drop5in5blood5pressure5is5sensed5by5the5kidneys5by5low5perfusion,5which5in5turn5begins5to5

secrete5renin.




Renin5then5triggers5the5liver5to5produce5angiotensinogen,5which5is5converted5to5Angiotensin5I5in5the5l

ungs5and5then5angiotensin5II5by5the5enzyme




Angiotensin-

converting5enzyme5(ACE).5Angiotensin5II5stimulates5peripheral5arterial5vasoconstriction5which5raises5B

P.




Angiotensin5II5is5also5stimulating5the5adrenal5gland5to5release5aldosterone,5which5acts5to5increase5so

dium5and5water5reabsorption5increasing5blood5volume,5while5also5increased5potassium5secretion5in5

urine.




How5can5hyperkalemia5lead5to5cardiac5arrest?


-5☑️
☑️
Normal5levels5of5potassium5are5between53.55and55.25mEq/

dL.5Hyperkalemia5refers5to5potassium5levels5higher5that55.25mEq/dL.




A5major5function5of5potassium5is5to5conduct5nerve5impulses5in5muscles.5Too5low5and5muscle5weakness

5 occurs5and5too5much5can5cause5muscle5spasms.

,WGU5D2365pathophysiology5OA5Exam5Study5Guide520235Questions5and5Answers



This5is5especially5dangerous5in5the5heart5muscle5and5an5irregular5heartbeat5can5cause5a5heart5attack




The5body5uses5the5Protein5Buffering5System,5Phosphate5Buffering5System,5and5Carbonic5Acid-

5 Bicarbonate5System5to5regulate5and5maintain5homeostatic5pH,5what5is5the5consequence5of5a5pH5imbal

ance


- ☑️
☑️
Proteins5contain5many5acidic5and5basic5group5that5can5be5affected5by5pH5changes.5Any5increase5

or5decrease5in5blood5pH5can5alter5the5structure5of5the5protein5(denature),5thereby5affecting5its5functi

on5as5well




Describe5the5laboratory5findings5associated5with5metabolic5acidosis,5metabolic5alkalosis,5respiratory5ac

idosis5and5respiratory5alkalosis.5(ie5relative5pH5and5CO25levels).


- ☑️
☑️
Normal5ABGs5(Arterial5Blood5Gases)5Blood5pH:57.35-7.455PCO2:535-455mm5Hg5PO2:590-

1005mm5Hg5HCO3-:522-265mEq/L5SaO2:595-100%




Respiratory5acidosis5and5alkalosis5are5marked5by5changes5in5PCO2.5Higher5=5acidosis5and5lower5=5alk

alosis




Metabolic5acidosis5and5alkalosis5are5caused5by5something5other5than5abnormal5CO25levels.5This5could5i

nclude5toxicity,5diabetes,5renal5failure5or5excessive5GI5losses.

, WGU5D2365pathophysiology5OA5Exam5Study5Guide520235Questions5and5Answers



Here5are5the5rules5to5follow5to5determine5if5is5respiratory5or5metabolic5in5nature.5-

If5pH5and5PCO25are5moving5in5opposite5directions,5then5it5is5the5pCO25levels5that5are5causing5the5imbal

ance5and5it5is5respiratory5in5nature.




-

If5PCO25is5normal5or5is5moving5in5the5same5direction5as5the5pH,5then5the5imbalance5is5metabolic5in5nat

ure.




The5anion5gap5is5the5difference5between5measured5cations5(Na+5and5K+)5and5measured5anions5(Cl-

5 and5HCO3-),5this5calculation5can5be5useful5in5determining5the5cause5of5metabolic5acidosis.




Why5would5an5increased5anion5gap5be5observed5in5diabetic5ketoacidosis5or5lactic5acidosis?


- ☑️
☑️
The5anion5gap5is5the5calculation5of5unmeasured5anions5in5the5blood.




Lactic5acid5and5ketones5both5lead5to5the5production5of5unmeasured5anions,5which5remove5HCO3-

5 (a5measured5anion)5due5to5buffering5of5the5excess5H+5and5therefore5leads5to5an5increase5in5the5AG.




Why5is5it5important5to5maintain5a5homeostatic5balance5of5glucose5in5the5blood5(ie5describe5the5pathog

enesis5of5diabetes)?


- ☑️
☑️
Insulin5is5the5hormone5responsible5for5initiating5the5uptake5of5glucose5by5the5cells.5Cells5us

e5glucose5to5produce5energy5(ATP).

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