Exam (elaborations)
Nrsg 201 Final Exam With Complete Solutions Latest Update
- Course
- NRSG 201
- Institution
- Montana State University - Billings
Nrsg 201 Final Exam With Complete Solutions Latest Update
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Solution 2024/2025Pepper
Nrsg 201 Final Exam With Complete Solutions
Latest Update
Anatomy ANS✔✔ Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship
to one another. Know anatomical terminology and be able to observe,
manipulate, palpate and auscultate
Physiology ANS✔✔ Study of the function of body parts; how they work.
Understanding basic chemicals and physical principles
Homeostasis ANS✔✔ Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions
despite continuous changes in the environment
Homeostatic control variables involve: receptor (detects it), control center
(makes a decision), and effector (acts on it)
Receptor ANS✔✔ Monitors environment and responds to stimuli (things that
can cause changes in controlled variables)
Ex.Baroreceptors in certain blood vessels for high BP
Control center ANS✔✔ Determines set point at which variable is maintained.
Receives input from receptor and determines appropriate response
Ex. Brain, brain stem for high BP
, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
Effector ANS✔✔ Receives output from control center. Proves the response
that either reduces stimulus (negative feedback) or enhances stimulus
(positive feedback)
Ex. Heart rate or blood vessels, typically either muscles or glands
Negative feedback ANS✔✔ Most common response that reduces or shuts off
original stimulus. Variable changes in opposite direction of initial change.
Typical changes are blood pressure, body temperature, blood glucose
levels.
Ex. Eat a meal --> increase glucose --> insulin --> decrease blood glucose
to normal
Positive feedback ANS✔✔ Response to enhance or exaggerate the normal
stimulus. Can cause extreme effects as feedback causes variable to
continue in the same direction as initial changes.
ONLY two things that are positive feedback in the body:
1. Uterine contraction by oxytocin during labor
2. Platelet plug formation and blood clotting
Anatomical position ANS✔✔ Standing erect with feet slightly apart, facing
forward, upper limbs at sides, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing
away from body
This position is UNIVERSAL
Name and locate on the body all the regional terms ANS✔✔ Check Fig. 1.6
in Lecture 1 for answers
, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
Superior vs. inferior ANS✔✔ Superior = toward the head or upper part of a
structure
Inferior = away from the head, or the lower part of a structure
Anterior vs. posterior ANS✔✔ Anterior = nearer to or at the front of the body
Posterior = nearer to or at the back of the body
Medial vs. lateral ANS✔✔ Medial = nearer to the midline
Lateral = farther from the midline
Intermediate ANS✔✔ Between two structures
Ipsilateral vs. contralateral ANS✔✔ Ipsilateral = on the same side of the
body as another structure
Contralateral = on the opposite side of the body from another structure
Distal vs. proximal ANS✔✔ Distal = farther from the attachment of limb to
the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure
Proximal = nearer to the attachment of a limb to the truck; nearer to the
origination of a structure
Superficial vs. deep ANS✔✔ Superficial = toward or on the surface of the
body
Deep = away from the surface of the body
Dorsal vs. ventral ANS✔✔
, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
Planes of the body ANS✔✔ Sagittal plane = divides the body vertically into
right and left
Mid-sagittal plane = cut was made perfectly on midline
Parasagittal plane = cut was off-centered, not on the midline
Frontal (coronal) plane = divides body vertically into anterior and posterior
parts (front and back)
Transverse plane = divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior
parts (top and bottom), produces a cross section
Oblique section: Results of cuts at angle other than 90 degrees to vertical
plane, at an angle
Major chemical elements found in the human body ANS✔✔ Oxygen, carbon,
hydrogen, nitrogen
Ionic bond ANS✔✔ Attraction between cation and anion. Formed when
electrons transferred from one atom to another atom. (Will change shape in
water)
Covalent bond ANS✔✔ Formed with atoms share electrons. Bonds are
described as polar and nonpolar (+ and - end). Most common type of bond
Polar bonds = electrons are not shared equally, have a positive and
negative end (Ex. H2O)
Nonpolar bonds = electrons shared equally, electrically neutral (Ex. carbon
dioxide)
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