Focus of scientific studies correct answers 1. exploratory data collection and analysis (1st step in research)
2. hypothesis testing
causal relationship correct answers -one variable directly or indirectly influences another
-to claim scientists try to show: association precedence, parsimony, ...
BBH 310 Exam 2 || with 100% Errorless Answers.
Focus of scientific studies correct answers 1. exploratory data collection and analysis (1st step in
research)
2. hypothesis testing
causal relationship correct answers -one variable directly or indirectly influences another
-to claim scientists try to show: association precedence, parsimony, plausibility
association correct answers exists between two variables if a particular value for one variable is
more likely to occur with certain values of the other variable = more smoking means more cancer
precedence correct answers cause has to precede the effect = smoking before lung cancer, took
medicine then improved
parsimony correct answers no other explanations for the data, one clear explanation
plausible correct answers makes sense based on previous understanding and general body of
science
Causal relationships can be.... correct answers 1. unidirectional = A affects B but B does not
affect A
2. bidirectional = A and B affect each other; or 2 variables lead to same outcome
correlational releationship correct answers changes in one variable accompany changes in
another = no cause
Key factors in design correct answers 1. cross sectional or longitudinal
2. observational or interventional
cross sectional study correct answers multiple ages during one time
longitudinal correct answers cohort study; same people, multiple times
cohort correct answers a group of people from a given time period
observational study correct answers observes individuals and measures variables of interest but
does not attempt to influence the responses
Interventional study correct answers -assign variables that are going to affect the participants
-a control variable
-not all experiments are ethical
validity correct answers true ness of the research findings
,threats to validity correct answers -weaknesses in the study that could make the conclusions
misleading or wrong
-7 main
variables of correlational research correct answers 1. predictor variable = used to predict variable
2. criterion variable = variable whos value is being predicted
third variable problem correct answers comes with drawing causal inferences from correlational
results because a third, unmeasured variable affects both measured variables = appear correlated
but aren't
directionality problem correct answers a reason not to infer causality from correlational research,
stating that the direction of causality is sometimes difficult to determine = bullying causes
suicide or depressed kids are bullied
Why do we do correlational research? correct answers -gathering data in the early stages of
research (model of fish)
-inability to manipulate variables (unethical)
-relating naturally occurring variables (ptsd after storms and cannot manipulate weather)
independent variables correct answers -The variable that is manipulated in an experiment. Its
value is determined by the experimenter, not by the subject
-Levels = set values of different amounts as treatment
treatments correct answers a level of IV applied during an experiment
dependent variable correct answers the measure in the study and its value is determined by the
behavior of the subject and may depend on the value of the IV
control group correct answers baseline of behavior against experimental; does not receive
treatment
extraneous variables correct answers any variable that is not systematically manipulated in an
experiment but that still may affect the behavior being observed
demonstrations correct answers a nonexperimental technique in which some phenomenon is
demonstrated and no control group is needed
internal validity correct answers the ability of a research design to adequately test the intended
hypothesis
internal validity in an experiment correct answers showing that variation in IV, and only IV,
caused the observed variation in DV
, internal validity in a correlation correct answers showing that changes in the value of criterion
variable relate solely to changes in the value of your predictor variable and that there are no
extraneous variables
confounding variable correct answers two variables that combine in such a way that the effects
of one cannot be separated from the effects of another
threat to internal validity: history correct answers specific events other than the treatment occur
between observations
threat to internal validity: maturation correct answers performance changes due to age or fatigue
confound the effect of treatment
threat to internal validity: testing correct answers testing prior to treatment changes how subjects
respond to posttreatment testing
threat to internal validity: instrumentation correct answers unobserved changes in observer
criteria or instrument calibration confound the effect of the treatment
threat to internal validity: statistical regression correct answers subjects selected for treatment on
the basis of their extreme scores tend to move closer to the mean on retesting
threat to internal validity: biased selection of subjects correct answers groups of subjects exposed
to different treatments are not equivalent prior to treatment
threat to internal validity: experimental mortality correct answers differential loss of subjects
from the groups of a study results in nonequivalent groups
when can you enhance internal validity? correct answers can be done during design phase of the
study
external validity correct answers the extend to which the results of a study extend beyond the
limited sample used in the study
threat to external validity: reactive testing correct answers a pretest may affect reactions to an
experimental variable
threat to external validity: interactions between selectin biases and the IV correct answers results
may apply only to subjects representing a unique group
threat to external validity: reactive effects of experimental arrangements correct answers
artificial experimental manipulations or the subject's knowledge that he/she is a research subject
may affect results
Threat to external validity: Multiple-Treatment Interference correct answers exposure to early
treatments may affect responses to later treatments
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