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NSG 532 EXAM 3 LATEST UPDATED
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NSG 532 EXAM 3 LATEST UPDATED...
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NSG 532 EXAM 3 LATEST UPDATEDDistinguish between breathing and respiration. Respiration refers to the
exchange of gases (O2/CO2) between the body's environment, lungs, blood
circulation, and tissues.
Breathing refers to the gas exchange between the lungs and the surrounding
atmosphere.
What is the general function of the lungs? - ANSWER Obtain oxygen from the
atmosphere and transmit it into the bloodstream.
Release CO2 from the bloodstream into the atmosphere.
Control the acid-base balance by removing CO2.
Angiotensin convertase
innate immune functions
Expiration respiration involves the exchange of O2/CO2 between the lungs and
the surrounding atmosphere, as well as between blood capillaries and alveoli.
Describe internal respiration. - Answer Cellular respiration involves O2/CO2
exchange between capillaries, cells, and mitochondria.
Describe CO2 loading in tissues (answer: CO2 is loaded onto red blood cells).
CO2 mixes with H2O to form Carbonic Anhydrase, which dissociates.
Creates HCO3 and H+ ions.
Cl-Bicarb antiporter transports Cl into the cell and Bicarb out into the plasma.
H+ attaches to Hgb molecules and transports them out of solution.
, Describe CO2 unloading in the lungs. Bicarb-Cl antiporter transports HCO3
into the cell.
Combines with carbonic acid, then dissociates into CO2 and H20.
CO2 is unloaded in the alveolus
Chemoreceptors connect to respiratory control regions in the brain to control
breathing rate and depth to alter CO2 levels.
How do the lungs participate in the regulation of hypotension? - ANSWER
Angiotensin convertase
ACE converts RAAS from angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the lungs.
Describe the two types of receptors expressed on type II pneumocytes: Toll-like
receptor
CD14 co-receptor
Recognize antigens (techoic acid in Gram-positive bacteria, lipopolysaccharide
in Gram-negative bacteria, RNA/DNA viruses).
Describe ANSWER: O2/CO2 exchange occurs by passive diffusion.
Alveolar O2 concentration is higher in alveoli, hence O2 diffuses into blood.
CO2 concentrations are higher in tissues, hence CO2 diffuses out of cells and
into blood capillaries.
Describe the respiratory system's accessory organs. ANSWER: Nasal
Pharynx
Larynx
Describe the primary organs of the respiratory system. Trachea
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