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Biological Anthropology Exam 3 Questions and Answers
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Biological Anthropology Exam 3 Questions and Answers
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Biological Anthropology Exam 3Questions and Answers
Major Novelties of Humans; habitual upright walking - Answers -1. suspensory
locomotion and vertical climbing (apes)
- increased mobility of externalities
- shoulder blade located on back
- forelimbs elongated compared to hindlegs
- long curved fingers for grasping
- knuckle walking: adaptations in the wrist and hand with stabilized joints.
Major Novelties of Humans; Anatomy of Bipedalism - Answers -1. Center of gravity
- fixed point, through wich body weight is transmitting or balanced
- when humans stand, the center of gravity is situated directly in the middle
- only minimal muscle activity is needed to maintain standing posture.
2. foremen magnum position
- foreman magnum is positioned directly underneath the skull in humans (already an
indication of orthapedal postion, the hole is in relationship to how thy stand and their
spine)
3. foot
- big toe is not opposed to the other digits, and its enlarged (dinside)
- enlarged heel bone
- development of longitudinal arch
4. knee
- valgus angle of the knee: feet are right underneath the middle and are easy for you to
move with less energy
5. Pelvis Shape
- wide basin shaped pelvis, short broad, curved iliac blades.
- reposotionish of the gluteal muscles: improved lateral stability during swinging phase
of bipedal walking
6. Vertebral colum:
- cervical (neck) and lumabr (lower back) curvates to maintain center of gravity in the
pelvis
- larger size of lumbar vertebrae to support body weight
Adaptive explanations for the origin of bipedalism - Answers -social factors: ability to
provision for the family in the context of the evolution of monogamous system?
- ecological factors: moving across forested patches with higher energetic efficiency or
finding food and spotting predators.
, characteristic of dentition - Answers -- catarrhine primates meaning they have a 2.1.1.3
dental formula (including humans)
- also a Y-5 lower molar pattern
- hominins have reduced canine:
Apes vs. Hominin Canines - Answers -canine size and shape is associated with
behavioral differences in apes: canine reduction= reduced sexual dimorphism --> less
male competition --> different social interaction
- apes have a honing complex: they have a sharpening complex from the upper canine
that helps when fighting.
facial prognathism ( how much your mandible extend past your orbits...related to
chewing muscle) - Answers -- chimpanzee: more facial prognathism
- humans: less facial prognathism
- smaller and shorter mandible
mosaic evolution - Answers -different traits evolve at different points in time
characteristic human evolution - Answers -elaboration of material : we developed a
physical culture
- significant increase in brain size
- long developmental period and long lifespan
*cognitive process of learning how to produce language that cant necessarily be found
in the fossil record but the physical ability to produce sound is different
geographical location of possible hominins - Answers -human fossils are found on a
narrow strip of east africa called the great rift valley.
Rift Valley - Answers -geographical feature -- a single plate will break apart, process of
one plate ripping apart and a lot of geographical activity, A lot of volcanos.. ocean will
rush in to fill the rift.
Sahelanthroupous Tchadsensis - Answers -Chad 6-7 million years ago (possible oldest
homin)
- cranium that is very fractured
- specimin has been destroyed and reconstructed digitally using power CT scanners.
- face: more vertical face than an ape, smaller canines, the C-P3 honing complex ( their
canine doesnt get sharpened on their lower teeth)
- slightly more anterior position foremen magnum, partial indicator of bipedalism
- primate in all other things (brain size)
Orrin Tugensis - Answers -Kenya 6 million years ago
- fragmental cranial and post cranial remains
- femoral morphology is indicative of bipedal locomotion; the understanding of the hip
joint that was fully preserved in this.. strong evidence that they are related closely (to
humans i assume)
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