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Yaacov Shavit An Imaginary Trio

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Two statues stand on either side of the south transept portal of the Strasbourg Cathedral, one personifying the Church in the figure of the triumphant Ecclesia, the other representing Judaism as the humiliated Synagoga. Between the two sits King Solomon on his throne, the sword of “Solomon’s...

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  • October 17, 2024
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,Yaacov Shavit
An Imaginary Trio

,
,Yaacov Shavit
An Imaginary Trio



King Solomon, Jesus, and Aristotle

,Die freie Verfügbarkeit der E-Book-Ausgabe dieser Publikation wurde ermöglicht durch den
Fachinformationsdienst Jüdische Studien an der Universitätsbibliothek J. C. Senckenberg
Frankfurt am Main und 18 wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken, die die Open-Access-Transformation
in den Jüdischen Studien unterstützen.




ISBN 978-3-11-067718-8
e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-067726-3
e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-067730-0




This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence. For
details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Das E-Book ist als Open-Access-Publikation verfügbar über www.degruyter.com,
https://www.doabooks.org und https://www.oapen.org

Library of Congress Control Number: 2020909307

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie;
detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.

© 2020 Yaacov Shavit, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Cover image: Statue of King Solomon and Christ in the center of the southern portal of the
cathedral Notre-Dame of Strasbourg (Bas-Rhin, France), Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain.
Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck

www.degruyter.com

,Open-Access-Transformation
in den Jüdischen Studien
Open Access für exzellente Publikationen aus den Jüdischen Studien: Dies ist das Ziel der
gemeinsamen Initiative des Fachinformationsdiensts Jüdische Studien an der Universitäts­
bibliothek J. C. Senckenberg Frankfurt am Main und des Verlags Walter De Gruyter. Unterstützt
von 18 Konsortialpartnern können 2020 insgesamt acht Neuerscheinungen im Open Access
Goldstandard veröffentlicht werden, darunter auch diese Publikation.

Die nachfolgenden wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungen haben sich an der Finanzierung beteiligt
und fördern damit die Open-Access-Transformation in den Jüdischen Studien und gewährleisten
die freie Verfügbarkeit für alle:

Fachinformationsdienst Jüdische Studien, Universitätsbibliothek J. C. Senckenberg
Frankfurt am Main
Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz
Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin
Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin
Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Düsseldorf
Universitätsbibliothek der Europa-Universität Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder)
Bibliothek der Vereinigten Theologischen Seminare der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt
Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg – Carl von Ossietzky
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek – Niedersächsische Landesbibliothek
Hochschule für Jüdische Studien Heidelberg
Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln
Universitätsbibliothek Mainz
Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Münster
Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel
Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal

,
,Contents
Acknowledgements IX

Introduction 1

Chapter One Biographies Correspond 15

Chapter Two Solomon and Jesus—Two Sons of God, and of David? 32
Pagan polemic 39
The Sages’ polemic 40
Christian polemic 43
Medieval Jewish Polemic 47
The Broken Dynasty: Solomon and Jesus—two sons of
David? 49

Chapter Three Solomon—His Actions and Books: Prefiguration, Typology, and
His Teachings 56
Solomon’s Temple 59
The Queen of Sheba’s Visit as a Typological Event 64
The Theological and Allegorical Interpretations of Solomon’s
Books 65
The Song of Songs 67
Proverbs 71
Ecclesiastes 73

Chapter Four The Divine Presence and a Heavenly Voice Come to Solomon’s
Aid—On Sin, Repentance, and Absolution 76
Solomon’s Sins and Downfall in Jewish Tradition 79
Heaven comes to Solomon’s Aid 84
Christianity on Solomon’s Sins and Repentance 87

Chapter Five “How is Jesus Greater than Solomon?” Solomon and Jesus as
Magicians (Healers and Exorcists) 96
Magic and Occultism 96
Magic and Healing 98
Jesus as a Healer and an Exorcist 103
The Riddle of Solomon’s Ring 109
Solomon’s After-Life as a Magician 113

,VIII Contents



Chapter Six Miracles and Wonders: Magic, Satan, and Demons 119
Sorcerers and Magicians 122
Satan and Demons 127
Asmodeus and the Demons Build the Temple 131

Chapter Seven Solomon’s Wisdom—From Hermes to Aristotle 136
Solomon’s Wisdom according to the Sages 143
Solomon’s Wisdom in the Middle Ages 145
Solomon’s Wisdom in Christian Literature 149
Jesus’ Wisdom 151
From Thoth-Hermes to Aristotle 153
Solomon and Aristotle 159
Wisdom versus Wit 168

Chapter Eight Solomon, Aristoteles Judaicus, and the Invention of a Pseudo-
Solomonic Library 172
The Invention of a Pseudo-Solomonic Library 185

Afterword 191

Bibliography 193

Name Index 230

, Acknowledgements
The research and writing of this book took place over a long, frequently inter-
rupted, period. My original idea was to write about King Solomon as a timeless
legend and myth in various cultures. Yet the more headway I made in the vast
amount of source materials, the less I could avoid acknowledging that this
was a Sisyphean task. The abundance of sources and the extensive research lit-
erature that has emerged over the last century or so regarding diverse aspects of
the figure of Solomon led me to relinquish my original plan and to limit its
scope. This book, then, is not intended to retell even a small portion of the leg-
endary traditions about Solomon.¹ Instead, it focuses on those places and in-
stances where his (imaginary) legendary biography intersects with those of
Jesus Christ and of Aristotle, the Greek philosopher. Solomon is the axis around
which this trio revolves and is the thread that binds it together. The book is based
on the premise that there exists a correspondence, both overt and implied, be-
tween these three biographies—a correspondence that has taken shape within
a vast, multifaceted field of texts for more than two thousand years.
First and foremost my thanks goes to Chaya Naor for her endeavor in trans-
lating the first version of the book. Throughout my years of research and writing,
particularly in the final stages, I have been fortunate to receive assistance, in-
sights, and input—both gentle and stern—from colleagues and friends. I am
very grateful to all of the following: Professor Sara Klein-Braslavy, Professor
Yuval Rotman, Dr. Yuval Haruvi, Dr. Maya Shabat (Pinhas), Dr. Yuval Rubovitch,
Itamar Levin, Dr. Maoz Cahana, Professor David Katz, Razia Geselson and Jean-
Luc Allouche (to whom I am grateful for his generous and indispensable help),
and to Michal Engel and Carl Yonker for improving the final version.
Without the nearly daily assistance of Avital Ginat and Irit Halavy, I could
not have brought the idea of this book to fruition.
I owe a special debt of gratitude to Professor Manfred Oeming of Heidelberg
University for the fruitful months during which he hosted me at the Wissen-
schaftlich-Theologisches Seminar and introduced me to the statues of Solomon



 See Faerber (1902); George Salzberger (1907, 1912); Seymour (1924); Legends of the Jews, by
Ginzberg (1909), which as of 2003 has come out in six editions; and Bialik and Ravnitzky
(1931-1934), which since its second edition has been the most popular and influential collection
of Talmudic legends (taken largely from the Babylonian Talmud) in modern Hebrew culture. I
should also mention here the most bizarre book on this subject, by the radical American author
Moncure D. Conway (1832– 1907): Solomon and Solomonic Literature, 1899; see review by Tyler
(1990).

OpenAccess. © 2020 Yaacov Shavit, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110677263-001

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