Pathophysiology - BIOD331 - Module 2
Exam Questions With Verified Answers.
What is cancer? - answerThe unregulated growth of abnormal cells
What is neoplasia? - answer"New growth". Process of uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells
or tissues in the body
What is neoplasm? - answerThe new growth...
Normal tissue renewal and repair requires what 3 things? - answer✔Proliferation, differentiation,
and apoptosis
What is proliferation? - answer✔Process of cell division. Adaptive process for new cell growth
to replace old cells or when additional cells are needed.
Neoplasms tend to have _______ ______ that cause excessive and uncontrolled proliferation that
is unregulated by normal growth-regulating stimuli. - answer✔Genetic abnormalities
What is differentiation? - answer✔Process by which cells become more specialized with each
mitotic division
What is apoptosis? - answer✔Programmed cell death. Eliminates old, damaged, or unwanted
cells
What are proto-oncogenes? - answer✔Cell growth. They encode proteins that signal for the cell
to proliferate
What do tumor suppressor genes do? - answer✔Cell death. Encode proteins that inhibit cell
growth and signal (when necessary) for apoptosis
What is the G1 phase of the cell cycle? - answer✔DNA synthesis stops while the cell enlarges
and both RNA and protein synthesis begins
What is the S phase of the cell cycle? - answer✔DNA synthesis occurs, producing 2 separate sets
of chromosomes one for each daughter cell
What is the G2 phase of the cell cycle? - answer✔DNA synthesis again stops while RNA/protein
synthesis continues.
The first 3 phases of the cell cycle are referred to as __________ - answer✔Interphase
What are cell cycle checkpoints? - answer✔Means of molecular surveillance used to ensure the
cell is ready to proceed to the next phase
What is the M phase of the cell cycle? - answer✔Mitosis and cytoplasmic division.
Give an example of a type of cell found in the body that continually cycles from one mitotic
division to the next. - answer✔Skin's squamous epithelium
What is the rest state that some cells enter after the M phase called? - answer✔G0 or resting
phase
Why would a cell enter the G0 phase? - answer✔1. Nutrients are unavailable
2. Growth factors are unavailable
3. Highly specialized cells first leave the cell cycle
What type of cells found in the body may permanently stay in G0? - answer✔Neurons (highly
specialized and terminally differentiated cells)
What may prompt a cell to leave the G0 phase? - answer✔Cell receives stimuli via:
1. Growth factors
2. Hormones
3. Other signals that trigger growth
Give an example of a cell type found in the body that remains in G0 phase until prompted. -
answer✔Blood loss or tissue injury
Define cell proliferation - answer✔Process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell division.
In normal tissues, the number of new cells being produced is __________ to the number of cells
dying or being shed. - answer✔Equivalent
When considering cell proliferation, human cells fall within one of these two categories: -
answer✔1. Gametes (ovum and sperm)
2. Somatic (non-reproductive cells)
Gametes are _________ - answer✔Haploids
What is a haploid? - answer✔A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes
What are haploids designed for? - answer✔Sexual function
After fusion, a _________ cell is formed - answer✔Diploid
How many sets of chromosomes do diploids have? - answer✔2
Diploids are an example of what type of cell? - answer✔Somatic
Give 3 examples of a well-differentiated cell that rarely divides or reproduces - answer✔1.
Skeletal muscle cells
2. Cardiac muscles cells
3. Neurons
Give 3 examples of a progenitor (parent) cell that continue to divide and reproduce. - answer✔1.
Blood cells
2. Skin cells
3. Liver cells
Undifferentiated _____ cells that can enter the cell cycle and produce large numbers of
progenitor (parent) cells if needed - answer✔Stem
What is cell differentiation? - answer✔Refers to the process by which cells become more
specialized in both their structure and function
The various cell types of the body all originate from where? - answer✔The fertilized ovum
As differentiation progresses, the process within each developing cell type must be _____
______ - answer✔Tightly regulated
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