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Earth Systems Exam 2 Questions with Complete Solutions
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How does the area of Earth's surface covered by oceans compare with the area covered by land? - Answer-Nearly 71 percent of Earth's surface is covered by global oceans, whereas roughly 29 percent of Earth's surface is covered by land. How does the average depth of the oceans compare to the avera...

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  • October 15, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • earth systems exam 2 questions with complete solut
  • how does the area of earths surface covered by oc

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Earth Systems Exam 2 Questions with
Complete Solutions
How does the area of Earth's surface covered by oceans compare with the area
covered by land? - Answer-Nearly 71 percent of Earth's surface is covered by global
oceans, whereas roughly 29 percent of Earth's surface is covered by land.

How does the average depth of the oceans compare to the average elevation of the
continents? - Answer-The average depth of the oceans is nearly four and a half times
the average elevation of continents above sea level.

What is salinity, and how is it usually expressed? What is the average salinity of
seawater? - Answer-Salinity is the total amount of solid material dissolved in water,
expressed in parts per thousand. The average salinity of seawater is 35 parts per
thousand.

What are the primary sources for the elements that comprise the dissolved components
in seawater? PLEASE SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. - Answer--the outgassing of
elements from volcanoes
-the chemical weathering of continental rocks

How do factors cause salinity to vary from place to place and from time to time?
PLEASE SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. - Answer--Precipitation decreases salinity of
seawater.
-The formation of sea ice increases salinity of seawater.

Contrast temperature variations with depth in the high and low latitudes. Why do high-
latitude waters generally lack a thermocline? - Answer-Ocean water temperatures in low
latitudes sharply decrease with depth, whereas ocean water temperatures in high
latitudes remain constant at all depths. This consistency is result of the ocean's surface
in high latitudes being roughly as cold as the ocean at depth.

What two factors influence seawater density? Which one has the greater influence on
surface seawater density? - Answer-Seawater density is influenced by salinity and
temperature; temperature has a greater influence on seawater density than salinity.

Describe the ocean's layered structure. Why does this three-layer structure not exist in
high latitudes? - Answer-The ocean's layered structure consists of three layers: the
surface mixed zone at the top, which has relatively uniform temperatures; the transition
zone in the middle, which has a prominent thermocline and pycnocline; the deep zone
at the bottom, where water temperatures are low and water density is high. These
layers do not exist in high latitude oceans because these oceans are isothermal and
isopycnal.

, How are active continental margins related to plate tectonics? - Answer-Active
continental margins are located along convergent plate boundaries, where oceanic
lithosphere subducts beneath the edge of the continent.

How are deep-ocean trenches related to plate boundaries? - Answer-

What is the primary reason for the elevated position of the oceanic ridge system? -
Answer-The oceanic lithosphere at the ridge is hotter than the older lithosphere that is
farther form the ridge. Because the hotter lithosphere at the ridge is less dense than the
cooler lithosphere farther away, lithosphere is more elevated at the ridge, sinking as it
cools while moving away from the ridge.

Why are seafloor sediments useful in studying past climates? - Answer-

____ influences surface current formation and _____ influences deep-water circulation.
- Answer-Wind; thermohaline circulation

Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for moving tons of sediment along the
shore in a zigzag pattern? - Answer-beach drift

Which of the following depositional features is produced by longshore transport? -
Answer-spit

Which of the following methods do coastal scientists consider the best permanent
option to counteract beach erosion? - Answer-relocation of at-risk structures

What is the primary driving force of surface-ocean currents? - Answer-wind

How do ocean currents influence climate? PLEASE SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. -
Answer--Cold currents off the western coast of South Africa cause locations at higher
latitudes to be cooler than summers at slightly lower latitudes.
-Poleward-moving warm ocean currents cause winters in Great Britain and Western
Europe to be warmer than some locales further south.
-Cold currents along the west coast of South America create deserts by increasing
aridity in the air.

Why is deep-ocean circulation referred to as thermohaline circulation? - Answer-Deep-
ocean circulation is caused by differences in both temperature and salinity.

What are the factors that determine the height, length, and period of a wave? PLEASE
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. - Answer--the length of time that the wind has blown
-the speed of the wind
-the distance that the wind has traveled across open water

What are estuaries associated with? PLEASE SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. - Answer-

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