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OTD Exam with correct Answers
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OTD Exam with correct Answers
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OTD Exam with correct AnswersManagement as control - Answers -Management involving planning, organizing,
commanding, coordinating and controlling; the organization is treated as a machine
Management as shaping - Answers -Managing is about shaping an organization and
what happens in it; the organization is anthropomorphised.
Empirical-rational strategies - Answers -assume that people are rational and follow their
own self-interest.
Normative-re-educative strategies - Answers -assume that changes occur when people
dispense with their old, normative orientations and gain commitment to new ones.
Power-coercive strategies - Answers -rely upon achieving intentional change by those
with greater (legitimate, coercive) power gaining compliance in behavior from those with
lesser power.
Change manager as Director - Answers -Change is a strategic choice that managers
make and the survival and general well-being fo the organization depends on them.
Change manager as navigator - Answers -Change is partially controllable with change
managers as navigators that navigate the process toward an outcome not all of which
will be intentional.
Change manager as caretaker - Answers -Management is still seen as control, but the
ability to exercise control is severely constrained by a variety of forces (internally &
externally), that propel change relatively independent of a manager's intentions;
managers are caretakers, shepherding their organization along as they can.
Life-cycle Theory - Answers -organizations go through a natural, development cycle
(birth - growth - maturity - decline/death) and change managers can do little to stop this.
Population Ecology Theory - Answers -focus on how the environment selects
organizations for survival or extinction
Institutional Theory - Answers -There are external forces that are inexorable and
individual managers have only limited ability to implement change outcomes that are at
odds with these forces.
, Change manager as coach - Answers -Change managers are able to intentionally
change the organization's capabilities in particular ways, to ensure success in a
competitive situation; building the right set of values, skills, drills.
Change manager as interpreter - Answers -Change managers need to be able to
provide legitimate arguments and reasons for why their actions fit within the situation
and should be viewed as legitimate, to organizational members.
Change manager as nuturer - Answers -Assumes that even small changes may have a
large impact on organizations and managers are not able to control the outcome of
these changes.
Chaos theory - Answers -assumes that organizational change is nonlinear, is
fundamental rather than incremental, and does not necessarily entail growth.
Confusion/Taoist Theory - Answers -organizational change outcomes are not intended
so much as produced through the nurturing of a harmonious Yin-Yang philosophy in
which each new order contains its own negotiation.
Mimetic isomorphism - Answers -when organizations imitate the structures and
practices of other organizations in their field or industry usually ones that they consider
as legitimate or successful.
Coercive isomorphism - Answers -Organizations are forced to take on activities similar
to those of other organizations because of outside demands placed on them to do so.
Organizational learning theory - Answers -argues that environmental pressures such as
market decline will lead to innovative organizational adaptation and change as
managers learn from the problems and try to close the gap between performance and
aspirations
Threat-rigidity theory - Answers -Argues that environmental pressures will inhibit
innovative change as managers' cognitive and decision-making processes become
restricted when confronted with threatening problems.
Type 1 error - Answers -when the environment is (objectively) stable, but managers
perceive it as turbulent and take (unnecessary) actions accordingly.
Type 2 error - Answers -when managers threaten the survival of their firms by failing to
take actions as they perceive their environment as stable when it is (objectively)
turbulent.
constructivist view - Answers -the outside world is brought into existence through
individuals' perceptions of it.
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