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NURS 425 Test 1 Cardiac pt 1 fully solved & verified for accuracy
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NURS 425 Test 1 Cardiac pt 1 fully solved & verified for accuracy
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NURS 425 Test 1 Cardiac pt 1 fullysolved & verified for accuracy
What is systole? - answer Contraction of ventricles, blood flowing
to lungs and system
What is diastole? - answer Relaxation of ventricles/contraction of
atria - allows for filling of ventricles
What is the definition of cardiac output? - answer the amount of
blood ejected by each ventricle per minute.
CO = SV*HR
SV = stroke volume, volume of blood pumped with each beat
HR = heart rate, number of times the heart beats per minute
What are some early signs that you are not perfusing adequately? -
answer Shortness of breath
Confusion/change in LOC
What are some factors affection cardiac output (the HR and SV)? -
answer Heart Rate
- sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous system
- medications
- dysrhythmias
- positive chronotropes speed things up (epinephrine), negative
chronotropes slow them down (beta blockers)
Stroke Volume
- Preload
,- Afterload
- Contractility
What is preload? - answer Volume of Blood Entering the ventricles
or end diastolic volume influenced by:
- Venous return
- Volume
- Atrial contraction
What affects preload? - answer Volume status
***volume overload = high preload
***volume depleted = low preload
What is afterload? - answer Resistance ventricles must overcome
to pump the blood influenced by:
- Hypertension
- Atherosclerosis
- Vasoconstriction
What is contractility? - answer How hard the heart contracts
Inotropic contraction (how strong the heart beats)
What causes positive inotropes? - answer Sympathetic stimulation
Positive inotropic drugs
- digoxin, etc.
What causes negative inotropes? - answer Parasympathetic
stimulation
, Negative inotropic drugs
- some narcotics, sedatives
Myocardial damage
How does cardiac output compensation work? - answer CO=HRxSV
To compensate for an increased HR and maintain CO, the body will
try to maintain SV. AS HR increases more the body will lose the
ability to maintain SV and compensation can fail.
To compensate for a decreased SV, the HR will increase
- Example: Hypovolemia
To compensate for an increased SV, HR will decrease
- Example: Cardiovascular conditioning
What are the manifestations of inadequate cardiac output? - answer
Lethargy
Dizziness
Altered LOC
Syncope
Hypotension
Angina
Cool, clammy skin
Weak, thready pulse
Shortness of breath
Oliguria
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