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IB ESS Exam: case studies, command terms, and vocab fully solved graded A+
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IB ESS Exam: case studies, command terms, and vocab fully solved graded A+
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IB ESS Exam: case studies, commandterms, and vocab
rainforest - correct answer ✔✔Terrestrial area with most net primary productivity (NPP)
Swamp/Marshes - correct answer ✔✔Aquatic area with most net primary productivity (NPP)
NPP = GPP - R - correct answer ✔✔Formula to find NPP, R, or GPP
NSP = GSP - R - correct answer ✔✔Formula to find NSP, R, or GSP
Lincoln Index: (n1 * n2) / nm - correct answer ✔✔Formula to measure mobile population
Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) - correct answer ✔✔Increase in biomass in consumer species over a
period of time
Gross Secondary Productivity (GSP) - correct answer ✔✔total food thats absorbed by the consumer (not
including faecal loss)
Net Primary Productivity (NPP) - correct answer ✔✔Amount of oxygen gained in an amount of time
Respiration (R) - correct answer ✔✔amount of oxygen that is lost
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) - correct answer ✔✔amount of glucose/energy being produced
D = N(N-1) / Σn(n-1) - correct answer ✔✔Formula for finding diversity index
,First Law of Thermodynamics - correct answer ✔✔states that energy is neither created nor destroyed.
The amount of energy within a system is constant the form of the energy however changes. In a food
chain producers transform light energy from the sun into chemical energy which is then consumed and
transferred to other organisms until eventually dead organism are broken down by decomposers and
nutrients are returned to the soil. Energy is lost as heat to the atmosphere during this process but is not
lost to the system
Second Law of Thermodynamics - correct answer ✔✔states that the entropy of an isolated system not in
equilibrium will tend to increase over time. When energy conversions take place they
are not 100% efficient and some energy is wasted as heat energy. For example within
any food web the amount of energy that is found in the producers is much more than
that found in the top carnivores (tertiary etc...). As energy is transferred and
transformed from one organism to the next (moves up the trophic levels) energy is lost
as heat.
Equilibrium - correct answer ✔✔is the tendency of the system to return to an original state following a
disturbance. At equilibrium a state of balance exists among the components of the system. Open
systems tend to exist in a state of balance or equilibrium. Equilibrium does not mean that the system is
not changing, change does exist but within limits.
Steady state equilibrium - correct answer ✔✔there are continuous inputs and outputs of energy and
matter but the system remains more or less at a constant state. There are no long- term changes but
there are small fluctuations in the short term
Positive Feedback - correct answer ✔✔results in the further increase or decrease in the output and
results in the system becoming more unstable or moving to a new equilibrium.
Negative Feedback - correct answer ✔✔tends to neutralize or counteract any movement from the
equilibrium. It results in self-regulation of the system.
Types of Transfers - correct answer ✔✔• The movement of material through living organisms (carnivores
eating other animals)
• The movement of material in a non-living process (water being carried by a stream)
, • The movement of energy (ocean currents transferring heat)
Types of Transformations - correct answer ✔✔• Matter to matter (soluble glucose converted to insoluble
starch).
• Energy to energy (light converted to heat by radiating surfaces).
• Matter to energy (burning of fossil fuels)
• Energy to matter (photosynthesis - sunlight, carbon dioxide and water transformed into starch
and oxygen)
Abiotic Factors - correct answer ✔✔non-living, physical and chemical factors of an ecosystem.
Includes: the atmosphere; climate (light intensity, temperature range, precipitation); soil structure and
chemistry; water chemistry; and level of pollutants.
Taxonomy - correct answer ✔✔the classification of different species into categories based upon
similarities in their nutrition, cell structure, appearance and developmental features.
N = (n1 x n2) / n3 - correct answer ✔✔Capture/Mark/Release/Recapture formula
Respiration (definition) - correct answer ✔✔The process whereby chemical energy is broken down in
order to release energy for use by the organism. The inputs are organic matter (food) and oxygen in
order to produce outputs, carbon dioxide, water and waste products. Transformations include glucose is
converted into energy (usually mechanical, i.e. movement, and life processes, i.e. breathing) and,
glucose and oxygen converted to energy and water. Transfers from glucose (chemical energy (stored) to
mechanical energy).
Static equilibrium - correct answer ✔✔There is no change over time. When a static equilibrium is
disturbed then a new equilibrium is adopted.
Define - correct answer ✔✔Give the precise meaning of a word, phrase, concept or physical quantity.
Draw - correct answer ✔✔Represent by means of a labelled, accurate diagram or graph, using a pencil. A
ruler (straight edge) should be used for straight lines. Diagrams should be drawn to scale. Graphs should
have points correctly plotted (if appropriate) and joined in a straight line or smooth curve.
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