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NUR 641E Midterm Exam 2024_2025 fully solved & updated
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NUR 641E Midterm Exam 2024_2025 fully solved & updated
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NUR 641E Midterm Exam 2024/2025 fullysolved & updated
Prodrug - ANSWER-An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active
metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body.
-Cytochrome P450
-Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Bioavailability - ANSWER-the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is
absorbed and used
-Affected by route of administration and drug dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
Steady state (of a drug) - ANSWER-stable level of drug in the body, occurs in 5
half lives of the drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being eliminated from
system
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER-The process by which drugs are absorbed,
distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
-what the body does to the drug
First pass - ANSWER-the fact that a medication in the GI tract passes through the
liver before entering other organs
does not - ANSWER-bioequivalence does/does not affect bioavailability
Bioequivalence - ANSWER-relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically
equivalent drugs.
, Bioavailability (is affected by) - ANSWER--chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
Cytochrome P450 - ANSWER--enzymes that function to metabolize potentially
toxic compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous metabolism such
as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that are
inhibitors (ex. warfarin with omeprazole) because there is competition for enzyme
metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer - ANSWER-An inducer increases the metabolism of a
substrate resulting in a decreased level or effect of the substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor - ANSWER-An inhibitor decreases the metabolism of a
substrate resulting in an increased level or effect of the substrate.
Clopidogrel - ANSWER-prodrug that must be activated by hepatic CYP2C19
metabolism; individuals who are poor metabolizers may not form the active
metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
half-life (determines) - ANSWER-how often a drug is administered
4-5 - ANSWER-steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
Warfarin (MOA) - ANSWER--Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
-takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR
Vitamin K - ANSWER-warfarin antidote
Heparin (MOA) - ANSWER--rapid anticoagulation by binding with antithrombin III
and inhibits factors IXa, Xa, XIIa, and XIII
-aPTT monitoring (low dose SQ does not require monitoring)
Apixaban (MOA) - ANSWER-direct factor Xa inhibitor
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