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AP Chemistry Exam Review with complete solutions 2024_2025.
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AP Chemistry Exam Review with complete solutions 2024_2025.
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AP Chemistry Exam Review with completesolutions 2024/2025
atomic number - ANSWER-The same as the number of protons in the nucleus of
an element; it is also the same as the number of electrons surrounding the
nucleus of an element when it is neutrally charged.
mass number - ANSWER-The sum of an atom's neutrons and protons
isotopes - ANSWER-Atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons
Avogadro's number - ANSWER-6.022×10²³ particles per one mole
Moles - ANSWER-grams/molar mass
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) - ANSWER-Pressure = 1 atm
Temperature = 273 K
Converting from moles to liters - ANSWER-I mole of gas = 22.4 L
Moles and Solutions - ANSWER-Moles = (molarity)(liters of solution)
percent composition (mass percents) - ANSWER-The percent by mass of each
element that makes up a compound. It is calculated by dividing the mass of each
element or component in a compound by the total molar mass for the substance.
,empirical formula - ANSWER-- Represents the simplest ratio of one element to
another in a compound
- Start by assuming a 100 g sample
- Convert percentages to grams
- Convert grams into moles
- Divide each mole value by the lowest of the values
- These values become the subscripts
molecular formula - ANSWER-- Determine the molar mass of the empirical
formula
- Divide that mass into the molar mass
x = m/e
x = molar mass/ empirical mass
- Multiply all subscripts in the empirical formula by the value of x
Aufbau principle - ANSWER-States that when building up the electron
configuration of an atom, electrons are placed in orbitals, subshells, and shells in
order of increasing energy.
Pauli Exclusion Principle - ANSWER-States that the two electrons which share an
orbital cannot have the same spin. One electron must spin clockwise, and the
other must spin counterclockwise.
Hund's Rule - ANSWER-States that when an electron is added to a subshell, it will
always occupy an empty orbital if no one is available. Electrons always occupy
orbitals singly if possible and pair up only if no empty orbitals are available.
Coulomb's Law - ANSWER-The amount of energy that an electron has depends
on its distance from nucleus of an atom. While on the exam, you will not be
required to mathematically calculate the amount of energy a given electron has,
you should be able to qualitatively apply Coulomb's Law.
Essentially, the greater the charge of the nucleus, the more energy an electron
will have.
Quantum Theory - ANSWER-Max Planck figured out that electromagnetic energy
is quantized. That is, for a given frequency of radiation (or light), all possible
energies are multiples of a certain unit of energy, called a quantum
(mathematically, that's E = hv). So, energy changes do not occur smoothly but
rather in small but specific steps.
, Energy and Electromagnetic Radiation - ANSWER-ΔE = hv = hc/λ
ΔE = energy change
h = Planck's constant, 6.626×10⁻³⁴ J∙s
v = frequency of the radiation
λ = wavelength of the radiation
c = the speed of light, 3.00×10⁸ m/s
Frequency and Wavelength - ANSWER-c = λv
*Inversely proportional*
c = speed of light in a vacuum (2.998×10⁸ m/s)
λ = wavelength of the radiation
v = frequency of the radiation
ionization energy - ANSWER-The amount of energy necessary to remove an
electron from an atom.
photoelectron spectra (PES) - ANSWER-A chart of the amount of ionization
energy for all electrons ejected from a nucleus.
The y-axis describes the relative number of electrons that are ejected from a
given energy level.
The x-axis shows the binding energy of those electrons.
Gases will most likely act as ideal under what conditions? - ANSWER-High
temperature and low pressure
Energy Levels - ANSWER-s-subshell holds two electrons
p-subshell holds six electrons
d-subshell holds 10 electrons
f-subshell holds 14 electrons
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