NFS284 Final with correct answers 100%
microbiota/ intestinal microflora/microbiome - Correct Answer -in the large intestine where slow movement of food occurs
-this favours the growth of bacteria= microbiota
-it could breakdown indigestible food components such as dietary fibre through ferment...
NFS284 Final with correct answers 100%
microbiota/ intestinal microflora/microbiome - Correct Answer -in the large intestine where slow
movement of food occurs
-this favours the growth of bacteria= microbiota
-it could breakdown indigestible food components such as dietary fibre through fermentation producing
intestinal gas
probiotic - Correct Answer live bacterial culture which may be beneficial for health
-in our gut, we have both healthy and disease causing bacteria but the disease causing bacteria is kept in
check due to competition with healthy bacteria for nutrients and space. This could be maintained by
consuming probiotics
-added to foods such as probiotic yogurt
-have to be consumed on a continual basis in order to be beneficial because they are quickly eliminated
-ie bifidobacterium and lactobacillus (converts lactose into lactic acid)
-in canada, specific names of the probiotic used needs to be listed in the ingredients and a nutrient
function claim for the probiotics
prebiotic - Correct Answer indigestible carbs in fruits and vegetables
-also added to foods in purified form (ie inulin)
-help to support the growth of beneficial microflora
diseases associated with dysbiosis/ diseases of the digestive system - Correct Answer -irritable bowel
syndrome (dysfunctional muscular contraction in the intestines resulting in bloating, gas, diarrhea,
constipation)
-inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis)- -may cause blood diarrhea and
abdominal pain that may prevent the proper digestion and absorption of nutrients and the proper
elimination of wastes
-celiac disease
-association was demonstrated through an observational study
,healthy vs altered gut environment - Correct Answer health gut
-healthy level of inflammation
-healthy immune system
-healthy epithelial layer
- characterized by diversity (ie a large variety of microbes) whose composition remains stable, despite
environmental changes affecting the human host
-the health-promoting bacteria secrete beneficial bioactive compounds that are absorbed by the
colonocytes and may enter the bloodstream to impact organs and systems beyond the gut. This also
keeps the epithelial layer strong
-the colonocytes (epithelial layer of the large intestine) are held together by tight junctions= proper
barrier preventing unhealthy bacteria from getting into the lumen of the large intestine
altered gut
-excess inflammation
-altered immune function
-damaged epithelial layer
-the epithelial layer is leaky allowing bacteria to enter the lumen of the large intestine and cause disease
- unhealthy bacteria secrete compounds that increase inflammation and compromise the immune and
barrier functions of the digestive tract, allow
colostrum - Correct Answer breast milk produced during the first week after delivery
(thicker and yellowish)
-composition varies from mature breast milk
-it contains immune factors that help protect the infant from infection particularly in the GI tract (IgA
antibodies). The antibodies pass from the mother's blood into the milk
main carb in breast milk - Correct Answer lactose
-behaves like a prebiotic, promoting the growth of lactobacillus bifidus (converts lactose into lactic acid)
-this reduces the risk of GI infections in the infant's gut
fat in breast milk - Correct Answer very high in fat (52% kcal- the AMDR for adults: 20-35%)
,-fat is a high energy source- (give most calories to support the fastest growth rate during life)
digestion of proteins in the infants digestive tract - Correct Answer -it is compatible with the
composition of breast milk
-not born with a gut microbiota
Protein
-infants are unable to absorb some proteins which in the adult are broken down into aa
-to digest other milk proteins infant stomach produces rennin which is absent in adults
-antibodies are absorbed intact which enhances the infant's immune system. The antibodies is based on
the mother's immune system which is based on where the mother lives as this is what she is exposed to.
Formula doesn't contain this
digestion of fats in the infants digestive tract - Correct Answer gastric lipase plays a more important role
in the digestion of fat in the infant than the adult
-begins the digestion of the fats in human milk.
-pancreatic digestive enzymes do most of the fat digestion in adults but they are present in lower levels
in the infant
digestion of carbs in the infants digestive tract - Correct Answer no starch in milk= low amylase in the
infant gut (it breaks down strach)
-large amount of lactase present in brush border- therefore it is rare for an infant to be lactose
intolerant
-the production of lactase declines with age= lactose intolerance (especially if milk is not common in
their diet). This occurs because we drink less milk as we age, meaning there is less lactase
how do microbes make you sick when you ingest them with food - Correct Answer 1. Food infection
-ingestion of the living microbes
, 2. Food intoxication
-ingestion of toxins secreted by microbes
-can occur even after all microbes are killed by heat treatment if toxin is heat-resistant
gastric dumping syndrome - Correct Answer food going directly from the stomach to the small intestine-
the sphincter is bypassed
-if too much food is consumed and enters the small intestine rapidly then water moves with it by
osmosis from the body into the lumen of the gut as the dumped food is a region of high solute
concentration
-symptoms: dizziness, nausea, diarrhea
-regions form which vitamins and minerals are absorbed are bypassed so supplements or vitamin
injections are required to prevent deficiency
gastric bypass surgery - Correct Answer -done when there is extreme case of obesity
-reduces the size of the stomach
-shortens the length of the intestines so less food is absorbed
-very effective for weight loss
-may cause gastric dumping syndrome
suckling reflex of infants - Correct Answer allows infants to draw liquid from the nipple placed towards
the back of the mouth
-needed as infants are unable to consume solid food for the first six months of life
-it is not possible to spoon feed a newborn as this suckling reflex causes a spoon placed at the front of
the mouth to be pushed out by the tongue
-reflex diminishes at 4-6 months of age and teeth begin to grow in, allowing the introduction of solid
food
-until 6 months of age, health canada recommends that infants are exclusively breastfed and
supplemented with Vit D needed for calcium reabsorption to grow bones. If not possible, formula could
be used
-formula is formulated to be as close as possible to breast milk in nutrient composition but it cannot
duplicate the immune factors of breast milk. it also contains vit D
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