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AMR FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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AMR FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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Name: Score:455 Multiple choice questions
Term 1 of 455
Artemisinin is the most effective treatment against ___. MOA and resistance.
Highlight hand hygiene in curricula at all levels of training as a foundational requirement
for successful infection prevention. Recognize and apply successful tactics for achieving
high hand hygiene compliance in healthcare settings.
30s
- Tetracycline binding site overlaps partially with the aminoacyl-tRNA binding side
leading to tRNA dissociation from the ribosome blocking translation
malaria
blood and gamete stages
Generates oxidative stress leading to lipid peroxidation which is free radical damage
Resistance - mutations in compensatory pathways that alleviate cellular damage
Target HIV and HBV reverse transcriptase
NRTIs need to be phosphorylated to 5'-TP
Act as chain terminators
Term 2 of 455
MfpA binds to...
DNA gyrases from quinolone binding whenever they are not bound to bacterial DNA
Rna polymerase during transcription
Bacterial ribosomes during translation
Cell membrane proteins
,Term 3 of 455
_____ was the first anti-flu A drug approved (1966)
Iodouridine
Amantadine
Aminoglycosides
first line
Term 4 of 455
Chloramphenicol binds to ______ and inhibits peptidyl transferase
Endocytosis
Membrane fusion
Genetic injection
50S
- Peptidyl transferase facilitates peptide bond formation
Pentapeptide modification (vancomycin)
carbapenems, rifampin, isoniazid, tetracycline
Term 5 of 455
Dilution method: MIC
The transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as
transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different
organisms.
- Synthetic derivative of parasitic drug produced by Streptomyces repurposed in 1962
- Prodrug: Activated by anaerobic bacteria, leading to formation of DNA adducts
- Class: Nitroimidazoles
• Used to determine the minimal concentration of antibiotic required to inhibit/kill
bacteria• Can be done either on solid media or liquid media
Target HIV and HBV reverse transcriptase
NRTIs need to be phosphorylated to 5'-TP
Act as chain terminators
,Term 6 of 455
C-55 isoprenyl pyrophosphate (flippase)
-Identification of antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria is challenging due to
intrinsic barrier that is not penetrable for most molecules
- Measuring penetration of a large set of compounds and ranking them will enable the
deduction of rules of penetration
-reduce concentration of antibiotics even before efflux pumps
-provide first line of defense against toxic compounds
-intrinsic resistance of Gram - bacteria
-E. coli
-K. pneumoniae
-Acinetobacter spp.
-S. aureus
-S. pneumoniae
-Salmonella spp.
-Shigella spp.
-Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Facilitates transport of lipid II across bacterial membrane- Recharged against by
dephosphorylation and is shuffled back into the cytoplasm
Term 7 of 455
Metronidazole
- Carcinogen: ability to covalently and irreversibly bind to DNA (acute exposure in
humans is not linked to cancer
- Rare instances: Stevens-Johnson syndrom
- Synthetic derivative of parasitic drug produced by Streptomyces repurposed in 1962
- Prodrug: Activated by anaerobic bacteria, leading to formation of DNA adducts
- Class: Nitroimidazoles
• Used to determine the minimal concentration of antibiotic required to inhibit/kill
bacteria• Can be done either on solid media or liquid media
- Antimicrobial that combines a sulfa-drug (DHPS inhibitor) with trimethoprim (DHFR
inhibitor)
- Less chance for developing resistance
- Provides synergistic effect
, Term 8 of 455
Artemisinin structure
TetA and TetR
PEROXIDE BRIDGE
can reach 90%
blocks virus-host membrane fusion
Term 9 of 455
Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever)
Influenza Virus inhibitors
Block proton transport through matrix 2 (M2) ion channels into the interior of viral
particles, a process that is essential for viral uncoating within the endosomes
effective only in adults (not children or elderly)
Mycobacterium fluoroquinolone resistance protein A (MfpA) expression in M.
tuberculosis leads to fluoroquinolone resistance
- Mimics B-form DNA
1) physical barrier
2) antibiotic degradation
3) Persister cells
4)Biofilm- specific efflux pumps
5)Stress responses
Spores are found in soil (most common in the SW of the US)
Impossible to prevent infection in areas of high risk
Healthy individuals do not get infected
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