Hypervolemia symptoms - Answer--edema, hypertension, weight gain, bounding
tachycardia
Hypernatremia - Answer--excess Na+ relative to body water
-occurs less often than hyponatremia
-thirst is the body's main defense
-when hypernatremia occurs, fluid shifts outside cells
-may be caused by water deficit or over-ingestion of Na+
-also may result from diabetes insipidus
Symptoms of hypernatremia - Answer--skin flushed
agitation
-low grade fever
-thirst
-neurological symptoms
-signs of hypovolemia
Potassium - Answer--major intracellular cation
-untreated changes in K+ can lead to serious neuromuscular and cardiac problems
-normal K+ levels= 3.5-5 mEq/L
Most K+ ingested is excreted by the... - Answer--kidneys
Three influential factos in K+ balance: - Answer--Na+/K+ pump
-renal regulation
-pH level
Renal regulation - Answer--increased K+ levels -> increased K+ loss in urine
-aldosterone secretion causes Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion
, pH - Answer--potassium ions and hydrogen ions exchange freely across cell
membranes
Acidosis - Answer--hyperkalemia (K+ moves out of cells)
Alkalosis - Answer--hypokelemia (K+ moves into cells)
Hypokalemia - Answer--serum K+ <3.5 mEq/L
-can be caused by GI losses, diarrhea, insufficient intake, non-K+ sparing diuretics
(thiazide, furosemide)
Magnesium functions - Answer--helps produce ATP
-role in protein synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism
-helps cardiovascular system function (vasodilation)
-regulates muscle contractions
Hypomagnesemia is caused by - Answer--serum Mg+ level <1.5 mEq/L
-poor dietary intake, poor GI absorption, excessive GI/urinary losses
High risk clients for hypomagnesemia - Answer--chronic alcoholism
-malabsorption
-GI/urinary system disorder
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