ood into tubule
3) reabsorbs solutes/ water
excess is then excreted
different cell types that form the glomerulus - answerAnatomy is unique:
mesangial cells- the central core, contractile cell
endothelial cells- fenestrated, (gapped) lie on glomerular basement membrane
podocyte- lies on outsi...
Which of the following would best be described as a system independent parameter determining
pharmacological response?
•the number of receptors present
•the cellular cascade
•pharmacokinetics
•receptor affinity for the ligand
•presence of an antagonist - answer✔receptor affinity for the ligand
when taking a natural agonist and converting it to an antagonist using synthetic chemistry, what
are the desired effects on affinity and efficacy?
•affinity decreases, efficacy increases - answer✔affinity increases, efficacy decreases
in the langmuir equation, which variable represents the proportion of receptors that are bound by
ligand?
•inverse agonist - answer✔partial agonist
if you do a cell culture experiment where you exogenously express a receptor in cells, which
variable in the equation R=f[alpha•r•Rt] are you most directly controlling?
•R
•f
•alpha
•r
•Rt - answer✔Rt
with an efficacy driven agonist, reducing the number of receptors present will shift the response
curve...
•up
•down
•left
•right
•not at all - answer✔right
applying the two state theory of receptors to an ion channel, which state[s] would be active?
select all that apply.
•none would be active - answer✔•Ropen
•ARopen
in a two state system that allows for spontaneously active receptors, increasing the expression
levels of receptor in the absence of agonist will have what effect on measured response?
•increase
•decrease
•no effect - answer✔increase
in the extended ternary complex model of receptors, which state[s] will result in subsequent
downstream signaling? select all that apply.
•Ri
•Ra
•ARi
•ARa
•ARaG
•RaG - answer✔•ARaG
•RaG
addition of an inverse agonist to a system containing a receptor that does not spontaneously
activate will have what effect on the measured response in the absence of any other ligand?
•increase
•decrease
•have no effect - answer✔have no effect
you use an agonist to treat two systems that are identical other than the number of receptors
present. system A required 1 mM of the ligand to reach 100% response while system B required
100 mM. which system has the larger receptor reserve?
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