Exam (elaborations)
ADJ 107- Questions and Answers
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ADJ 107- Questions and Answers
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Name: Score:23 Multiple choice questions
Definition 1 of 23
Travis Hirschi developed four main elements of the social bond theory, attachment,
commitment, involvement, and belief.
Attachment: Includes an individual's shared interest with others.
Commitment: Includes the amount of energy and effort one puts into activities with others.
Involvement: Includes the amount of time spent with others in shared activities.
Belief: Includes a shared value and moral system
Concept of the american dream
Concept of shame
Albert Cohen's distinct subcultures
Four main elements of the social bond theory
Definition 2 of 23
The techniques of neutralization are the following:
Deny responsibility: Many criminals claim the crime was not their fault or was an accident.
Deny injury: Many criminals may state they were not stealing rather just borrowing money or
items.
Deny the victim: Many criminals believe the victim had what was coming for him or her or will
paint the victim as a criminal or even deny a victim exists.
Condemn condemners: Many criminals shift the blame on others in order to draw attention
away from their act.
Appeal to higher loyalties: Many criminals believe they had to commit the criminal action in
order to prove themselves to their peers or a gang.
techniques of neutralization
medicalization of deviance
neutralization and drift
labeling
,Definition 3 of 23
Conformity: Conformity occurs when individuals both embrace conventional social goals and
also have the means at their disposal to attain them. (Not commit crime)
Innovation: Innovation occurs when an individual accepts the goals of society but rejects or is
incapable of attaining them through legitimate means.Of the five adaptations, innovation is
most closely associated with criminal behavior.
Ritualism: Ritualists have gained the tools to accumulate wealth. Ritualists should have the
lowest level of criminal behavior because they have abandoned the success goal, which is at
the root of criminal activity.
Retreatism: Retreatists reject both the goals and the means of society. Merton suggests that
people who adjust in this fashion are "in the society but not of it." (drunkards, and drug addicts)
Rebellion: Rebellion involves substituting an alternate set of goals and means for convention-
al ones.
Instrumental Interpretation of critical criminology
Concept of shame
Critique Of differential association theory
Robert Merton's categories of adaptation
Definition 4 of 23
are designed to remove both juvenile and adult offenders from the normal channels of the
criminal justice process by placing them in programs designed for rehabilitation" The juvenile
justice system is highly influenced by the social reaction theory and does not refer to a law
violator as a criminal, rather a delinquent.
Sexualization and socialization
Diversion program and social reaction theory
Critique of Differential Association Theory
Critiques of the neutralization theory
, Definition 5 of 23
Some governments, such as Iran, North Korea, Cuba, and China, routinely deny their citizens
basic human rights.
Critical criminology and unchecked capitalism
Indications of Social Disorganization
Concept of the American dream
Counties violating basic human rights
Definition 6 of 23
The most glaring critique is, why do certain youth who are exposed to excess of definitions
favorable to the law still commit delinquency?
Critique of Differential Association Theory
Concept of the American Dream
Diversion Program and Social Reaction Theory
Critiques of the neutralization theory
Definition 7 of 23
1. Differential association theory
2.Differential reinforcement theory
3. Neutralization theory
Subdivisions of social structure theories
Indications of Social Disorganization
Counties violating basic human rights
Divisions of social learning theories
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