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CAMPBELL-BIOLOGY-IN-FOCUS CHAPTERS 1-6 EXAM GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
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CAMPBELL-BIOLOGY-IN-FOCUS CHAPTERS 1-6 EXAM GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
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CAMPBELL-BIOLOGY-IN-FOCUSCHAPTERS 1-6 EXAM GUIDE
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Adapted - answer-matched to the local environment.
Evolution - answer-descent with modification; the idea that living species are
descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also
defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from
generation to generation.
Biology - answer-the scientific study of life.
Reductionism - answer-the approach of reducing complex systems to simpler
components that are more manageable to study.
Biosphere - answer-the entire portion of earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the
planet's ecosystems.
Ecosystem - answer-all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with
which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around
them.
Community - answer-all the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of
populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.
Population - answer-a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same
area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.
Organism - answer-an individual living thing.
Organ - answer-a specialized center of body function composed of several different
types of tissues.
Organ system - answer-a group of organs that work together in performing vital body
functions.
Tissue - answer-an integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both.
Cell - answer-life's fundamental unit of structure and function.
,Organelle - answer-any of several kinds of membrane-enclosed structures with
specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.
Molecule - answer-two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
Atom - answer-the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
Emergent properties - answer-new properties that arise with each step upward in the
hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity
increases.
Systems biology - answer-an approach to studying biology that aims to model the
dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions
among the system's parts.
Eukaryotic cell - answer-a type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and
membrane-enclosed organelles and include protists, plants, fungi, and animals.
Prokaryotic cell - answer-a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and
membrane-enclosed organelles and include bacteria and archaea.
Dna - answer-a nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-helix, in which each
polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and
the nitrogenous bases adenine (a), cytosine (c), guanine (g), and thymine (t); capable of
being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.
Replication - answer-the process of copying dna before a cell divides.
Gene - answer-a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific
nucleotide sequence in dna (or rna, in some viruses).
Gene expression - answer-the process by which information encoded in dna directs the
synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, rnas that are not translated into proteins and
instead function as rnas.
Genome - answer-the genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete
complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid
sequences.
Genomics - answer-the study of whole sets of genes and their interactions within a
species, as well as genome comparisons between species.
Bioinformatics - answer-the use of computers, software, and mathematical models to
process and integrate biological information from large data sets.
, Bacteria - answer-one of two prokaryotic domains, the other being archaea.
Archaea - answer-one of two prokaryotic domains, the other being bacteria.
Eukarya - answer-the domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms.
Natural selection - answer-a process in which individuals that have certain inherited
traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of
those traits.
Science - answer-an approach to understanding the natural world.
Inquiry - answer-the search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific
questions.
Data - answer-recorded observations.
Qualitative data - answer-a type of recorded observation that is descriptive and not
numerical.
Quantitative data - answer-a type of recorded observation that is numerical and often
organized into tables and graphs.
Inductive reasoning - answer-a type of logic in which generalizations are based on a
large number of specific observations.
Hypothesis - answer-a testable explanation for a set of observations based on the
available data and guided by inductive reasoning. Narrower in scope than theory.
Deductive reasoning - answer-a type of logic in which specific results are predicted from
a general premise.
Controlled experiment - answer-an experiment in which an experimental group is
compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.
Theory - answer-an explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates
new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.
Technology - answer-the application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, often
involving industry or commerce but also including uses in basic research.
Activation energy - answer-the amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a
chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation.
Active site - answer-the specific portion of an enzyme that binds the substrate by means
of multiple weak interactions and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs.
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