Exam (elaborations)
Bio Final Exam 2 Questions and answers 2024/2025
- Course
- Institution
Bio Final Exam 2 Questions Bio Final Exam 2 Questions Bio Final Exam 2 Questions
[Show more]
Content preview
Bio Final 2 QuestionsCytokines - Proteins that attract more WBCs, including monocytes
Pathogens - Agents that cause infectious disease, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists, worms,
and other parasites
Macrophages - Are more powerful phagocytes than neutrophils
What the immune system can determine - Self from nonself
Autoimmune diseases - Result from the immune system attacking an animal's own cells as if they are
a pathogen
Immunodeficiency - Results from the immune system not recognizing pathogens as notself
Innate immunity - Provides protection against all forms of infection in a non-specific manner; does
not depend on previous exposure
Adaptive immunity - Specific to a given pathogen; results from exposure to that specific pathogen
Physical and chemical barriers - Skin, Skin microbiome, and Mucus membranes/secretions / tears
Inflammatory response - Employs neutrophils and macrophages to surround and kill invading
pathogens
Histamine - A chemical mediator released by damaged tissue cells and mast cells which cause the
capillaries to dilate and become more permeable
If neutrophils are overwhelmed they release - Cytokines
Complement system - Composed by a number of blood plasma proteins that increase the immune
response of one or more specific immune responses
,Complement proteins can - -Trigger mast cells to release histamine
-Attract phagocytes to a specific location
-Bind directly to bacteria can cause them to burst
interferons - Proteins produced by virus-infected cells that cause uninfected cells to prepare for viral
infection by producing substances that interfere with viral replication
Antigen - A large protein structure that the immune system recognizes as a foreign body
Adaptive defenses primarily depend on... - B and T cells (B and T lymphocytes)
Each lymphocyte has a single kind of receptor to combine with a... - A specific antigen (like a lock and
key)
Adaptive immunity pathways have 2 types of immunity - •Cell-mediated immunity
•Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity
Cell-mediated immunity - T-cells target and destroy any cells that present a specific antigen
Helper t cells - May come into contact with an antigen and release cytokines to call Cytotoxic T cells
to the area
Cytotoxic T cells - Either phagocytize or trigger apoptosis in infected cells
An antigen binds with a... - B cell's receptor
The B cell then undergoes rapid clonal expansion which creates... - B memory cells, and plasma cells
The plasma cells created and secrete what for the original antigen? - Antibodies
This cell is the only one that has receptors that fit the antigen that undergo clonal expansion - Only
the B cells
, Antibody structure (y) - Shaped with two antigen binding sites
Antibody function - Many antibodies will bind with the antigens, covering the offending molecule so
that it can't bind
Monocytes - Longer-lived cells that become Macrophages
Cytotoxic t cells - Specialized T lymphocytes with storage vacuoles that contain perforins and storage
vacuoles that contain granzymes (an enzyme that causes apoptosis)
Helper t cells - Specialized T lymphocytes that regulate immunity by secreting cytokines
B lymphocytes cannot be activated without... - T cell help
HIV does what to t cells - Attacks T cells, which leaves patients vulnerable to opportunistic
Memory t cells - Remain within the body and can jump-start an immune response to an antigen
previously present in the body
Immunization - Involves the use of vaccines to expose the immune system to the antigen
Vaccine - Substances that contain an antigen to which the immune system responds
Chemosensory - taste and smell
Electromagnetic receptor - sight
Mechanoreceptor - Touch, Hearing and balance
What sensory receptor cells rely on - Rely on membrane receptors
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller lectjoseph. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $15.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
75619 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now