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NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions With Complete Solutions
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NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions With Complete Solutions
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NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1 QuestionsWith Complete Solutions
Active acquired adaptive immunity Correct Answers Longer
lasting immunity than passive-acquired adaptive immunity but
not permanent.
Ex: Vaccine
Adaptive immunity is? Correct Answers -2nd line of defense
against infection
-Developed with exposure to antigens and targets particular
pathogens
-Includes B and T cells to fight infection and create antibodies
Angina Correct Answers Chest pain (crushing/squeezing)
associated with ischemia
-d/t narrowing of at least one major coronary artery
-pain can radiate down left shoulder, jaw, neck or back
-women often present with angina equivalents such as SOB,
dizziness and back pain rather than chest pain
Antibody titer Correct Answers Level of antibody in the
bloodstream and corresponds to the level of exposure to the
microbe
Aortic Insufficiency Correct Answers Occurs during S2, when
the valve SHOULD close but doesn't
- Causes blood leaks back into the the left ventricle
-Forward flow is reduced
,Apoptosis Correct Answers Genetically programmed death on
cells that has no adverse effects on body
Atrophy Correct Answers "Shrinking"
When cells cant meet metabolic requirements, they shrink to
decrease the demand and increase efficiency.
B-cells role in infection Correct Answers Arise primarily from
bone marrow
Produce immunoglobins (Igs) that attack antigens. Act as
receptors on B-cells.
-These nonspecific Igs (IgD) are found on the surface of B-cells
-Once pathogen binds to IgDs, the B cells produce specific Igs
that will recognize the particular antigen (aka antibodies)
cardiac output Correct Answers -total volume of blood left
ventricle pumps out per min
-normal= 4-8 L/min
CO=heart rate x stroke volume
cardiac output complications Correct Answers ↓ CO =
↓perfusion to the body
-↓ level of consciousness
-lung sounds wet d/t backflow
-SOB
-skin cold and clammy
-↓ urinary output
-weak peripheral pulses
,Causes of Hypernatremia (> 145) Correct Answers 1. Increased
sodium intake
- excess oral sodium ingestion
- excess adm. of IV fluids with sodium
- Hypertonic IV fluids
2. Loss of fluids (remember sodium and water go together)
- fever
- watery diarrhea
- diabetes insipidus
- excessive diaphoresis
- infection
3. Decreased sodium excretion
-Kidney impairment
Causes of Hyponatremia (< 135)
Think "4 D's Correct Answers 1. Increased sodium excretion
- Diaphoresis (ex: high fever)
- Diarrhea & vomiting
- Drains (NGT suction)
-Diuretics (thiazide & loop)
2. SIADH (abnormal ADH secretion- regulated water)
3. Adrenal insufficiency (reduced aldosterone)
4. Inadequate sodium intake in diet
5. Kidney Disease
6. HF
Causes of Metabolic Acidosis Correct Answers HCO3 < 22 or
H+ ions elevated
May result from:
, -diabetic ketoacidosis
-diarrhea
-renal failure
Causes of Respiratory Acidosis Correct Answers CO2 >45
mmHg
May result from:
-sleep apnea
-head trauma "knocked out"
- post operative
-CNS depressant drugs (opioids [ morphine, hydromorphone],
alcohol)
-pneumonia (thick mucus buildup results in poor gas exchange)
-COPD or asthma attack
Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis Correct Answers CO2< 35
mmHg
May result from:
Panic attack --> Hyperventilation
Chronic Venous Insufficiency Correct Answers Occurs as a
result of damage to valves in the deep veins of the legs. Valves
may become incompetent as a result of impaired venous return
caused by trauma, central obesity, pregnancy, or prolonged
standing. Valve damage leads to impaired venous return and
abnormally high venous pressure in the venous system, which in
turn leads to pooling and stasis of blood in the lower extremities.
Venous congestion will affect capillary filtration by inhibiting
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