Campell Biology Chapters 1 through 5
with Complete Solutions
Macromolecules - ✔✔Very large polymers formed by the joining of smaller
monomers
Types of Macromolecules - ✔✔1. Carbohydrates
2. Nucleic Acids
3. Proteins
4. Lipids
Carbohyrdates - ✔✔Made up of Monosaccharides. Used as energy, cell
walls and plant structure. (Potatoes,Cellulose)
Nucleic Acids - ✔✔Made up of Nucleotides, and contain genetic info,
energy and are responsible for energy tranfer process (DNA,RNA,ATP)
Proteins - ✔✔Made up of Amino Acids, and they are for support structure,
and as a catalysts(Enzymes, skin) Enzymes, defense, storage, transport,
hormonal regulation, receptors, contractile and motor support. Diverse as
proteins are, they are all unbranched polymers constructed from the same
set of 20 amino acids. Polymers of amino acids are called polypeptides. A
,protein is a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more
polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional
structure.
Lipids - ✔✔Made up of Glycerol and Fatty Acids. Used for energy storage,
and cell membrane. (Wax, oil, fat) Do NOT form polymers
Dehydration Reaction - ✔✔A reaction in which two molecules are covalenty
bonded to each other, with the loss of a water molecule. This reaction is
repeated, which creates a polymer.
Hydrolysis - ✔✔Polymers are dissasembled to monomers by hydrolysis, a
process that is the reverse of the dehydration reaction. To break using
water.
Monosaccharides - ✔✔1 sugar unit; simple carbohydrates. They taste
sweet and are soluble in water, classified by location of carboxyl group(-
OH), 1st carbon is a aldose, ketose if at the 2nd carbon, and the number of
carbons. Form rings while in water, serve as major fuel cells and raw
material for building.
Trioses - ✔✔Glyceraldehyde, Dihydroxyacetone
Pentoses - ✔✔Ribose, Ribulose and Deoxyribose
Hexoses - ✔✔Glucose, Galactose and Fructose
, Sucrose - ✔✔Glucose + Fructuse, used as a transport sugar used in
plants, harvested for use in food
Lactose - ✔✔Glucose + galactose, present in milk
Disacchardides - ✔✔2 sugar units bonded by a Glycosidic Linkage
Polysaccharides - ✔✔Straight or branched chain of 100's and 100's of
monosaccharides
Starch - ✔✔Plant storage form of energy, unbranched coiled chains, easily
hydrolized into glucose units
Cellulose - ✔✔Fiberlike structural material in plant cell walls, tough and
invisible.
Glycogen - ✔✔Highly branced chain used by animals to store energy in
muscles and the liver
Chitin - ✔✔A specialized polysaccharide with Nitrogen attached to glucose
units, structurial material in arthropod exoskeltons and fungal cell walls
Maltose - ✔✔Glucose + glucose, present in germinating seeeds
Fatty Acid's - ✔✔Long chains of Carbon, 16-18, and Hydrogen with a
COOH (Carboxyl) group at one end
Fats - ✔✔A lipid, mainly used for energy storage.
