Mitral Valve Prolapse
o :## *systolic click*
caused by regurgitation of the mitral valve
squatting delays quick, standing brings it closer to S1
Mitral Valve Stenosis
o :## *opening snap*
decrescendo and low-pitched rumble
Physiologic S3
o :## normal in children, young adults, and last trim...
HAPE Final Questions and Answers
Mitral Valve Prolapse
o :## *systolic click*
caused by regurgitation of the mitral valve
squatting delays quick, standing brings it closer to S1
Mitral Valve Stenosis
o :## *opening snap*
decrescendo and low-pitched rumble
Physiologic S3
o :## normal in children, young adults, and last trimester of pregnancy
Pathologic S3
o :## *ventricular gallop, sounds like Kentucky*
adults over 40
decreased contractility, heart failure, or volume overload of a ventricle
S4
,2024/2025 2|Page
o :## *atrial gallop, sounds like Tennessee*
caused by resistance to ventricular filling
S3 and S4
o :## *summation gallop*
quadruple rhythm
Mitral Regurgitation
o :## mitral valve fails to close in systole
may have S3
harsh sounding
Tricuspid Regurgitation
o :## tricuspid fails to close in systole
*blowing quality*
Ventricular Septal Defect
o :## blood flows from LV to RV through a hole
*harsh, with a thrill*
,2024/2025 3|Page
Aortic Stenosis
o :## loud with a thrill
*crescendo and decrescendo*
heard best leaning forward
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
o :## harsh
may have S3 and S4
decreases with squatting, increases with valsalva and standing
Pulmonic Stenosis
o :## thrill
crescendo and decrescendo
Split S2, maybe S4
Aortic Regurgitation
o :## *blowing with decrescendo*
heard best sitting, leaned forward, with breath held after expiration
Venous hum
, 2024/2025 4|Page
o :## continuous murmur
heard above clavicles
humming/roaring sounds
Pericardial Friction Rub
o :## *scratchy, scraping sound*
increases with patient leaned forward, exhale, and hold breath
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
o :## continuous murmur, fades in diastole
*harsh, machine-like*
Systolic and Diastolic Murmurs
o :## venous hum
pericardial friction rub
patent ductus arteriosus
Diastolic murmurs
o :## aortic regurgitation
mitral stenosis
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller ExamArsenal. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $12.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
