BRAIN, MIND, BEHAVIOR- HEYMAN- EXAM with correct answers 2024
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BRAIN, MIND, BEHAVIOR- HEYMAN- EXA
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BRAIN, MIND, BEHAVIOR- HEYMAN- EXA
What are the 3 time scales of Brain Plasticity?correct answers Evolutionary time (review of the remarkable changes over a relatively short period of time)
Developmental changes (within a lifetime)
Experiential changes (moment to moment)
What kind of genes contribute to larger brain size fo...
What are the 3 time scales of Brain Plasticity?correct answers Evolutionary time (review
of the remarkable changes over a relatively short period of time)
Developmental changes (within a lifetime)
Experiential changes (moment to moment)
What kind of genes contribute to larger brain size for humans?correct answers Genes
that play a role in generating neurons, and our Notch2NL genes
What are Notch2NL genes?correct answers They help create cells that later become
neurons, and the tissue triples in size when combined with isolated brain tissue
What are the 5 differences between non-human primates and humans?correct answers
- Absolute and relative brain size
- Changes in shape (prefrontal cortex and cerebellum)
- Our neurons have more dendrites and longer axons
- "Novel" structures in the parietal region of the brain involved in complicated thinking
and movement.
- Genes that increase number of neurons in brain tissue and slow brain development
What are some theories that environmental pressures favor brains with more neuronal
interconnections?correct answers 1. Climate change = drier landscape and primates
came down from trees, started walking upright and vision became more important
2. tools and hunting, which required more brain power and planning, etc.
3. Cooking-- required more brain power, and also increased calories/energy for neurons
What is gray matter?correct answers areas of the nervous system with a high densityof
cell bodies and dendrites, few myelinated axons, e.g.cortex
What is white matter?correct answers areas of the nervous system containing mostly
myelinated axons (e.g., corpus callosum)
What does white matter do?correct answers carry signals from one part of the CNS to
another
, what does grey matter do?correct answers Processes and regulates information in the
CNS
What did the longitudinal MRI study on white matter show?correct answers measured
the density of white matter in the brain, showed that percent of white matter in brain
increases with age
What did the morphometric study of human cerebral cortex development on gray matter
show?correct answers - a study of density of gray matter at different ages.
- focused on visual cortex
The developmental trajectory of changes in gray matter will:correct answers will
increase to about age 1 then steadily decrease
Assume different brain regions have different gray matter density trajectories. How
should they be ordered?correct answers
What improves as gray matter decreases?correct answers Cognitive function improves
because unused connections are pruned away, and the remaining connections get
more use/get stronger
Increase in density of white matter continues into...correct answers 3rd decade of life
post-natal white matter/grey matter development age range:correct answers initial
increase and then a decrease
when do the sensory areas (occipital lope) change?correct answers early on
when do the prefrontal cortex and decision making change?correct answers later on
Which idea is consistent with the idea that experience plays a role in gray matter
pruning:correct answers the blindfolded kitten experiment
What increases risk for schizophrenia?correct answers too much pruning
What increases risk for autism?correct answers Too little pruning
What does the London taxi cab experiment show?correct answers The percentage of
grey matter in the hippocampus grow and the size of the hippocampus grows
what is classical conditioning?correct answers learning associations and generalization
of reflexes to new stimuli
what is Operant/Reward based learning?correct answers How consequences
(rewards/punishment) shape behavior
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