Patho Exam 3 with correct answers 100% 2024
Components of the hematologic system - Correct Answer Chief functions: Delivery of substances needed for cellular metabolism.
Removal of wastes.
Defense against microorganisms and injury.
Maintenance of acid-base balance.
Composition of blood: 90...
Patho Exam 3 with correct answers
100% 2024
Components of the hematologic system - Correct Answer Chief functions: Delivery of substances needed
for cellular metabolism.
Removal of wastes.
Defense against microorganisms and injury.
Maintenance of acid-base balance.
Composition of blood: 90% water and 10% solutes.
6 quarts (5.5 L)
Plasma: 50% of the blood volume. Organic and inorganic elements.
Albumins - Correct Answer Function as carriers and control the plasma oncotic pressure (control
fluid/edema)
Globulins (antibodies) - Correct Answer Carrier proteins and immunoglobulins.
Synthesized by lymphocytes.
Clotting factros: mainly fibrinogen.
Erythrocytes - Correct Answer Most abundant cell in the blood.
Responsible for tissue oxygenation.
Biconcavity and reversible deformity.
120-day life cycle (less life if not correct nutrients or development).
Leukocytes (white blood cells, 5000-10000) - Correct Answer Defend the body against infection and
remove debris.
Granulocytes - Correct Answer Membrane-bound granules in their cytoplasm.
The granules contain enzymes capable of destroying microorganisms.
Inflammatory and immune functions.
,Neutrophils - Correct Answer Predominant phagocytes in early inflammation.
Essential for blood coagulation and control of bleeding.
Thrombopoietin - Correct Answer Main regulator of platelets.
Spllen - Correct Answer Largest secondary lymphoid organ. Early hemata blood production.
Splenic pulp - Correct Answer Masses of lymphoid tissue containing marcophages and lymphoid tissue.
Venous sinuses - Correct Answer Phagocytosis of old, damaged, and dead blood cells.
,Blood storage: 300ml
Main location of fetal and early infancy hematopoiesis.
Lymph nodes - Correct Answer Part of the immune and hematologic systems.
Facilitate maturation of lymphocytes.
Transport lymphatic fluid back to the circulation.
Cleanse the lympahtic fluid of microorganisms and foreign particles.
Swelling during infection due to rapidly dividing lymphocytes.
Stem cell system - Correct Answer Pluripotent stem cells.
Bone marrow: Myeloid tissue.
Red and yellow bone marrow.
Adult active bone marrow.
Production of red blood cells in adults.
Pelvic bones, vertebrae, cranium and mandible, sternum and ribs, humerus, femur.
Erythropoiesis - Correct Answer Erythrocytes are derived from erythroblasts. Maturation is stimulated
by erythropoietin (from kidneys).
Erythropoietin - Correct Answer red cell production and release bone marrow.
In each step the quantity of hemoglobin increases and the nucleus decreases in size.
Number of circulating red cells in healthy individuals remain constant.
Hypoxia stimulates the production and release of erythropoietin.
Hemoglobin synthesis - Correct Answer oxygen-carrying protein of the erythrocyte.
Nurtitional requirements- Building blocks- proteins (amino acids).
Vitamins- vitamin B12 (cobalamin), B6, B12, E, and C, pantothenic acid; and niacin.
Minerals (iron and copper)
Folate (natural); folic acid (synthetic) = B9
, Hemoglobin synthesis cont'd - Correct Answer Iron cycle= total body iron is bound to heme (RBC) or
stored bound to ferritin or hemosiderin mononuclear.
Less than 1 mg per day is lost in the urine, sweat, epithelial cells, or from the gut.
We keep iron!
Normal destruction of senescent erythrocytes. - Correct Answer Aged red cells are sequestered and
destroyed by macrophages of the MPS primarily in the spleen/
The liver takes over if the spleen is absent.
Development of Leukocytes - Correct Answer Leukocytes arise from stem cells in the bone marrow.
Growth factors and colony-stimulating factors encourage production and maturation of leukocytes.
Production increasing in infection, presence of steroids, increased heart rate, pain , nausea/vomiting.
Development of platelets - Correct Answer Platelet levels are maintained by thrombopietin and IL-11.
Platelets circulate for 10 days before losing their functional capacity.
Senescent (old) platelets sequestered and destroyed in spleen.
Hemostasis - Correct Answer Means arrest of bleeding.
Requirements: Platelets, regulated blood flow into a damaged site, platelet plug (aspirin slows this
process), activate clotting/coagulation cascade. Calcium is key electrolyte for cascade.
Initiate repair processes, including clot retraction and clot dissolution (fibrinolysis)
Clotting factors
Endothelial cells.
Hemostasis cont'd - Correct Answer Function of clotting factors.
Intrinsic pathway- Factor XII (Hageman factor) exposed to damaged vascular cells.
Extrinsic pathway- tissue thromboplastin is released by damaged endothelial cells.
Control of Hemostatic Mechanisms - Correct Answer Lysis of blood clots (body breaks down clots)
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