HMX Immunology Final Exam Study
Guide with 100% Correct Answers
Tissue resident sentinel cells include (3 types) - Answer✔️✔️-Dendritic cells,
macrophages, and mast cells
Circulating leukocytes involved in innate response (2 types) - Answer✔️✔️-
Monocytes and neutrophils
Phagocytic immune cells (2 types) - Answer✔️✔️-Macrophages and
neutrophils
Difference between macrophages and neutrophils? - Answer✔️✔️-
Neutrophils are short lived and will undergo apoptosis after eating a
microbe; macrophages are longer-lived and will eat apoptotic cells and
waste
General cytokine role in innate immune response (and what cells release
them?) - Answer✔️✔️-Released by dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast
cells. Pro-inflammatory molecules that interact with blood vessel
endothelium to recruit circulating leukocytes, fluid, and proteins into tissue
Which tissue-resident sentinel cell will release histamine upon activation? -
Answer✔️✔️-Mast cell
Cytokines promote up-regulation of what kind of molecule within blood
vessel walls? - Answer✔️✔️-Adhesion molecules
E-Selectin - Answer✔️✔️-An adhesion molecule that helps to slow down
circulating leukocytes in innate immune response (low-affinity interaction)
E-Selectin Ligand - Answer✔️✔️-A ligand expressed by circulating
leukocytes that helps them stick to blood vessel endothelium in innate
immune response
ICAM-1 - Answer✔️✔️-An adhesion molecule that helps circulating
leukocytes bind to blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response
(high-affinity interaction)
Integrins (and the name of a specific one) - Answer✔️✔️-A class of adhesion
molecules expressed on circulating leukocytes; LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1 in a
high affinity interaction during the innate inflammatory response
Stable Arrest - Answer✔️✔️-When a circulating leukocyte comes to a stop
within the endothelium thanks to adhesion molecule interactions and can
enter the tissue
Pus - Answer✔️✔️-Comprised of fluid and apoptotic cells/waste as a result
of an inflammatory response (DNA, dead bacteria, apoptotic neutrophils)
Psoriasis overview - Answer✔️✔️-Autoimmune disease that can cause skin
plaques and arthritis; Skin plaques are caused by immune cells migrating
into the skin and initiating an inflammatory response
Psoriasis risk factors - Answer✔️✔️-History of strep infections, skin injury,
first degree relative with psoriasis
TNF-alpha in psoriasis - Answer✔️✔️-A pro-inflammatory cytokine
expressed in psoriasis that recruits immune cells into the skin and also acts
directly on epithelial cells to produce thickened/raised patches
Psoriasis treatment (biologics) - Answer✔️✔️-Target the pro-inflammatory
cytokine TNF-alpha and therefore prevent the expression of adhesion
molecules on endothelial cells and prevent TNF-alpha from acting directly
on epithelial cells
Possible side effects of medications that block adhesion molecules -
Answer✔️✔️-Susceptibility to infection due to inhibiting leukocyte entry
into tissue
Most abundant leukocyte - Answer✔️✔️-Neutrophils
What kind of infections are neutrophils particularly effective against? -
Answer✔️✔️-Extracellular bacterial infections
Plasmacytoid dendritic cell - Answer✔️✔️-A type of sentinel cell that detects
viruses and releases type 1 interferons
Type 1 Interferons (Type 1 IFNs) function and the cell that is most efficient
at producing them - Answer✔️✔️-Group of cytokines that activate the
antiviral state during viral infection; Plasmacytoid dendritic cells
The Antiviral State - Answer✔️✔️-Protective state that cells enter in response
to Type I Interferons; proteins that can bind to viral double-stranded RNA
are produced, infected cells will die, RNAse activity is induced
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