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Patho Exam 2 Review Questions With Complete Solutions
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Patho Exam 2 Review Questions With Complete Solutions
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Patho Exam 2 Review Questions With Complete SolutionsAcidotic State Correct Answers ☆< 7.35
☆ ↑ H+
☆ > 7.45
☆ ↓ H+
Acute Bronchitis Correct Answers ☆bacterial or viral
☆also inhalation of toxic gases or chemicals
☆4.4% adults in U.S year
☆goblet cells produce excess mucus
☆cilia mucus elevator overwhelmed
☆leads to damage and edema due to inflammation
☆airways become obstructed by mucus
acute coronary syndrome (ACS) Correct Answers ☆ unstable
angina (UA) → neck, jaw, upper abdomen, shoulders, arm
☆ MI ( STEMI or NSTEMI)
☆ plaque in vessels that supply heart (coronary arteries)
☆necrosis of myocardial tissues
☆goal: increase O2 delivery ; decrease HR
Acute Heart Failure Correct Answers ☆rapid, sudden
development
☆massive MI (first time)
☆large pulmonary embolism
Acute hypertension Correct Answers ☆ usually stress response
,☆also pain, anxiety, heart failure w/ pulmonary edema
☆ treat cause to fix BP
Acute Renal Dysfunction Correct Answers ☆sudden increase
in nitrogenous waste products
1) urea nitrogen (BUN:6-24 normal) → protein in diet
2) creatine (0.6-1.2) → from muscle metabolism
☆decrease in urine output
☆especially problematic if less than 30mL/hr in adults
Acute renal dysfunction risk factors Correct Answers ☆
hypotension(kidney ischemia)
☆excessive exposure to amino-glycosides (antibiotics injure
nephron
☆hemoglinuria and myoglobinuria
☆dehydration
☆pre-existing renal disease
☆chronic hypertension
☆exposure to radiocontrast dyes
Acute renal failure Correct Answers ☆ kidney can only
tolerate ischemia for 15-20 min
☆BUN & creatine
☆hard to recover from
acute respiratory distress " shock lung" Correct Answers ☆
immune response causes pulmonary edema leading to scarring
of lung tissue
☆acute respiratory failure 24-48 hrs after trauma/shock
Acute Rhinitis Correct Answers ☆frequently a rhinovirus
,☆lower temp of upper respiratory makes it easier for
rhinovirusus to replicate
Acute Sinitis Correct Answers ☆allergy
☆inflammation
☆bacterial inflammation (gram pos)
Acute Tonsilitis Correct Answers ☆inflammation of tonils
☆ear canal changes shape as kids age preventing infection
☆adenovirus
☆HSV
☆Cytomegalovirus
☆EBV
☆ Strep
Other upper resp disorders
☆laryngitis
☆tracheitis
Acute Tubular Necrosis Correct Answers ☆ Ischemia causes
cells to slough off & pile in the tubular lumen
☆this obstructs the flow of fluid decreasing urine formation
☆the blocked lumen contributes to ischemic injury of cell lining
tubules
☆extremely common
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome Correct Answers ☆ part
of systemic inflammatory response
☆often accompanies sepsis
☆inflammation damages alveolar capillary membrane and fluid
leads into alveolar interstitial spaces
, ☆lung are heavy, wet and stiff
Airway Remodeling (Asthma) Correct Answers Step 1 :
smooth muscle thickening
Step 2 : subepithelial fibrosis and collagen deposition
Step 3: goblet cell metaplasia
step 4: mucus hyper-secretion
step 5: irreversible narrowing of airway lumen
step 6 : decline in lung function
Albumin Correct Answers ☆ produced by liver (padocytes)
☆ keeps fluid within a give space ( oncotic pressure)
☆reference range: 3.4 to 5.4 g/dL
☆58% of proteins in plasma which jelp keep water in plasma
☆more protein intake= higher levels of albumin
☆ carrier for a variety of different drugs
☆ Decreased albumin and decrease in water in the blood stream
☆important when talking about edema
alpha 1 antitrypsin Correct Answers Elastase/Trypsin
☆produced by neutrophils
☆acts like a scissor that breaks down epithelial basement
memebrane(destruction of alveolar wall and cappillaries)
alpha 1 antitrypsin
☆ antidoe to elastase
☆oppose the breakdown of elasitn fibers by elastase
☆inhibit elastase
☆protects air spaces and gas exchange
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