STUVIA 2024/2025
Geography Exam 1
Terms in this set (70)
Original
Eratosthenes (240 BCE)
defines geography; uses euclidean geometry to calculate the circumference of the earth
Antipode
place directly opposite on the earth
Ptolemy (150 AD)
8 vol . guide to geography; flaws: overestimated size of Asia, underestimated circumference of earth
Waldseemüller map (1507)
1st map to show Americas as a separate continent .
Cultural Ecology
the geographic study of human-environment relationships
Environmental Determinism
the idea that the physical environment causes social development ; argues that the scientific study of
social & natural processes is fundamentally the same
Environmental Possibilism (Karl Sauer)
the environment offers possibilities, natural cultural groups will use it in different ways , thus different
%
outcomes .
Spacial Distribution
organization of phenomena across space; density, concentration, and pattern .
Types of Regions
Formal, Functional, Vernacular
Formal Region
an area w/in which everyone shares more than one distinctive characteristic; physical boundaries .
Functional Region
an area organized around a node, region is tied to the central pt by transportation/common system;
distance decay .
Vernacular Region
an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity; perceptual map + characteristics of
an area, diffusion of knowledge.
4 Major Population Clusters
E Asia (25%, 1/2 of pop lives rurally), S Asia (25%, majority still lives rurally), Europe (10%, 3/4 live in
cities), and SE Asia (8%, majority rural)
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
annual # of live births per 1000 population
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
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annual # of deaths per 1000 population
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
the growth of a population expressed as the difference between CBR & CDR.
NIR=CBR-CDR, convert to percent
Doubling Time
time period required for any beginning total experiencing a compounding growth to double in size.
Divide 69 by NIR%
Population Growth Rate
the growth of a population that takes into account net migration.
Pop Growth Rate=NIR + Net Migration Rate, convert to %
The Demographic Transition
describes how countries change over time in 5 stages
DT Stage 1
Most people hunt/gather, traditional farm communities, high CBR/CDR, low NIR; no current society is
in stage 1
DT Stage 2
CBR stays high, medical & sanitation advances lowers CDR, very high NIR; currently some
sub-saharan countries
DT Stage 3
CBR declines as more people move to cities and children cost more, CDR still declines, NIR slows
%
down.
DT Stage 4
NIR gets very low approaching zero, CBR & CDR become pretty equal .
DT Stage 5*
Birth rate<Death rate
The Epidemiological Transition
model that focuses on distinctive health threats in each stage of the demographic transition
ET Stage 1
Pestilence and famine
ET Stage 2
Receding pandemics due to medical and industrial revolutions
ET Stage 3
Degenerative diseases
ET Stage 4
Delayed degenerative diseases
ET Stage 5*
Reemergence of infectious diseases for 3 possible reasons: evolution of diseases, poverty conditions,
and globalization diffusion
India's attempts to slow population growth
1952 family planning, incentivisation led to sterilization; today: focus on female education
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