(3) Classes of Unstable angina - CORRECT ANSWER: - Class 1: New onset, severe or
accelerated angina
- Class 2: Angina at rest, subacute (angina at rest within the preceding month, not within
the preceding 48hrs)
- Class 3: Angina at rest, acute. Angina at rest within the preceding 48hrs
(3) Diagnostic tests aimed at identifying unstable plaques before they rupture -
CORRECT ANSWER: (1) Intravascular ultrasound or MRI
(2) Angioscopy
(3) Spectroscopy
(5) Common complications of MI - CORRECT ANSWER: (1) Heart failure (LV failure,
RV infarction)
(2) Pericarditis
(3) Papillary muscle rupture
(4) Pericarditis
(5) LV aneurysm
(5) Non-modifiable risk factors for CAD - CORRECT ANSWER: (1) Age
(2) Gender
(3) Ethnicity
(4) Family history
(5) Genetic predisposition
,(6) Traditional modifiable risk factors for CAD - CORRECT ANSWER: (1) Dyslipidemia
(abnormal serum lipoproteins)
(2) HTN (endothelial injury and myocardial hypertrophy)
(3) Cigarette Smoking (endothelial injury and oxygen radicals)
(4) Diabetes (endothelial injury and vessel wall damage)
(5) Obesity/Sedentary Lifestyle (strongest link to CAD)
(6) Atherogenic Diet (high in salt, fat, trans fat, carbs)
(8) Causes of dysrhythmias - CORRECT ANSWER: (1) Ischemia
(2) Hypoxia
(3) ANS imbalances
(4) Lactic acidosis
(5) Electrolyte abnormalities
(6) Alterations of impulse conduction pathways or conduction defects
(7) Drug toxicity
(8) Hemodynamic abnormalities
Advanced complicated lesion - CORRECT ANSWER: - Smooth muscle cells, numerous
macrophages, T-cells , often associated with lipid core and necrotic material
- Covered by a fibrous cap (smooth muscle cells surrounded by CT matrix)
- Thick cap - provides stability to the lesion
- Thin, non-uniform cap, macrophage-rich - lesion is unstable
- Thrombosis, hemorrhage, and/or calcification
, Afterload - CORRECT ANSWER: The resistance to ejection of blood from the left
ventricle
The load the muscle must move during contraction.
Ventricular afterload is the resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle
Resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood
Atherosclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER: - Progressive, multifactorial disease process
that generally begins in childhood; clinical manifestations occur in middle to late
adulthood, that results in the variable composition of lesions
- High dietary intake of cholesterol and fats results in high levels of LDL in the
bloodstream. LDL oxidation, migration into the vessel wall, and phagocytosis by
macrophages result in fatty deposits called plaques to form on the inner walls of the
arteries
Atherosclerotic plaque/lesion - CORRECT ANSWER: - Likely to develop following
endothelial injury; areas of increased shear wall stress are
especially vulnerable
-The pressure required to move blood through the circulatory bed provided by the
pumping action of the heart (CO) and the tone of the arteries (PR)
Cardiac Output = - CORRECT ANSWER: heart rate x stroke volume (HR x SV)
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