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Exam (elaborations)

APSC 151 Final Questions And Answers

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  • APSC 151
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  • APSC 151

cleavage directions ~ 1 (ex. Muscovite) 2 @ 90 degrees (ex. orthoclase) 2 not @ 90 degrees (ex. amphibole) 3 @ 90 degrees (ex. halite) 3 not @ 90 degrees (ex. calcite) 4 (ex. fluorite) fracture ~ - Absence of cleavage when a mineral is broken *Conchoidal fracture* - breaks to form smooth c...

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  • August 5, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
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  • APSC 151
  • APSC 151
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APSC 151 Final Questions And
Answers

force


✓✓✓✓~ Puts stationary objects in motion or changes the motions of moving

bodies




compressive strain


✓✓✓✓~ - negative


Continuous tectonic plate movement creates stresses and strains in the crust




Deformation


✓✓✓✓~ refers to all changes in the original form and/or size of a rock body


- Most crustal deformation occurs along or near plate margins


- Small amounts of strain over geological time cause large changes




elastic deformation

,✓✓✓✓~ region where the material will return to its original shape when the

stress is removed




brittle fracture


✓✓✓✓~ - Breaks into pieces


- Low temps and pressures near the surface


Ex. Faults, joints




ductile deformation


✓✓✓✓~ - Permanent deformation without breaking


- High temps and pressures deep: solid state flow


- Often with metamorphism


Ex. folds




differential stress


✓✓✓✓~ Applied unequally from different directions

,compressional stress


✓✓✓✓~ differential stress that shortens a rock body




tensional stress


✓✓✓✓~ elongates a rock body




shear stress


✓✓✓✓~ changes the shape of a rock body




crystal deformation


✓✓✓✓~ Under directed pressure (from tectonics), atoms can move (slowly)

within a solid to create shortening in one direction




faults


✓✓✓✓~ Faults are large scale shear ruptures and fractures in the crust both

locally and globally

, folds


✓✓✓✓~ ductile deformations outlined by folded strata or folded fabric that we

know used to be horizontal or vertical


- Most folds result from compressional stresses which shorten and thicken the

crust


PARTS:


*Limbs :*Two sides of a fold


*Axis:* Crest of the fold - Perpendicular to the shortening or the compression


*Plunge:* Incline axis


*Axial plane:* Divides a fold as symmetrically as possible




joints


✓✓✓✓~ smaller scale fractures that form an extension or shear, and *veins*

are those fractures that have been filled in with mineralization


- fractures that result from brittle deformation - typically no displacement


*SIGNIFICANCE OF JOINTS*:


- Chemical weathering concentrates around joints


- Many mineral deposits are emplaced along joint systems

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